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- Philippe de Vitry was born on 31 October 1291 in Paris, France. Philippe was a composer, known for Aranymadár (1999). Philippe died on 9 June 1361 in Paris, France.
- François Rabelais was a French Renaissance writer, physician, Renaissance humanist, monk and Greek scholar. He is primarily known as a writer of satire, of the grotesque, and of bawdy jokes and songs.
Ecclesiastical and anticlerical, Christian and considered by some as a free thinker, a doctor and having the image of a "Bon Vivant", the multiple facets of his personality sometimes seem contradictory. Caught up in the religious and political turmoil of the Reformation, Rabelais showed himself to be both sensitive and critical towards the great questions of his time. Subsequently, the views of his life and work have evolved according to the times and currents of thought. - Pierre Corneille was a French tragedian. He is generally considered one of the three great seventeenth-century French dramatists, along with Molière and Racine.
As a young man, he earned the valuable patrionate of Cardinal Richelieu, who was trying to promote classical tragedy along formal lines, but later quarrelled with him, especially over his best-known play, Le Cid, about a medieval Spanish warrior, which was denounced by the newly formed Académie française for breaching the unities. He continued to write well-received tragedies for nearly forty years. - Writer
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Born in July 8, 1621, in Château-Thierry (Champagne, France), where his father was in charge of Water, Forests and Hunting, Jean de la Fontaine spent his whole childhood and adolescence in the countryside, where he mainly studied Latin language. In 1641, he moved to Paris to continue his study at the Oratoire, rue St Honoré. But he stayed there only for 18 months because he didn't like it. Then he studied law and became a lawyer at the Parliament of Paris in 1649. Before that his father married him to 14-years-old Marie Héricart in 1647. They later had a son, Charles, in 1653.
Then he decided to become a writer and first published l'Eunuque, in 1654, translated from Terentius's old version, then a heroic poem, Adonis, in 1658, inspired by Ovid. The latter work allowed him to have the admiration and protection of Nicolas Fouquet. But in 1661, while La Fontaine was writing Le Songe de Vaux, Fouquet was disgraced, arrested and put in jail by the king. Thus La Fontaine lost his protection and was pursued for royal disgrace because of his faithfulness with Fouquet, for who he wrote several poems including Élégie aux nymphes de Vaux. Thus he left Paris for the Limousin.
When he came back to Paris, his career restarted with the publication of his Contes (divided in 5 books) from 1664 to 1674, his 243 Fables from 1668 and his novel les amours de Psyché et Cupidon in 1669. He successively found the protection of the Duchesse de Bouillon, the Duchesse d'Orléans, Mme de La Sablière and finally Madame Hervart. Elected at the Académie française in 1683, his passion for ancient Greece and Rome brought him on the Ancients side during the century's quarrel between Ancients and Moderns. He had a quite brilliant social life and regularly saw the most famous writers of his time: Perrault, Mme de Sévigné, Boileau, Molière, Racine and La Rochefoucauld.
Nevertheless during the last two years of his life he gave up with social life, was obliged to deny some of his work and devoted himself to meditation. That's how he died in 1695. Nowadays some people still say that Jean de la Fontaine copied everything he wrote (especially the fables of Aesop and Phaedrus) but others defend him by saying that he generally improved them and he also made us know the ancient authors he liked and who would have been probably forgotten without him. .- Writer
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Born between January 13 and January 15 of the year 1622, from a 25yo tapestry-maker, Jean Poguelin (who worked for the King of France from 1631), and a 20yo woman, Marie Cresé, in Paris, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin lost his mother when he was 10. From 1638 to 1640, he studied in the Jesuit college of Clermont, then started a brief lawyer career and pursued his father's work under Louis XIII, especially in Narbonne, until the King's death in 1643, when Jean-Baptiste co-founded L'Illustre Théâtre, installed at the jeu de paume des Métayers (faubourg Saint-Germain, Paris). He chose his nom-de-plume Molière in 1644 but his company had some financial difficulties due to a lack of success: Molière was imprisoned twice in 1645 for debts. The troupe moved several times in different parts of France (Lyon, Grenoble, Dijon, Narbonne...) and they became the troupe of the Prince de Conti in 1653 (in Pézenas, Languedoc).
In 1654, Molière presented his first play, "L'Etourdi", in Lyon, then "Le Dépit amoureux" in Béziers in 1656. But the same year the troupe lost its grants from de Conti, who was becoming extremely unfavorable to theater creation. Back to Paris in 1658, under the protection of the King's brother, they played "Nicomède" and "Le Docteur amoureux" at the Vieux-Louvre in front of the King (Louis XIV) and his court. Louis XIV offered Molière to play at the Petit-Bourbon where his first 2 plays eventually had great success. In 1659, Molière presented his third play, "Les Précieuses Ridicules". After his younger brother's death, Molière re-took in charge the familial tapestry-making business and kept it until his death. The same year, he presented "Sganarelle ou le Cocu imaginaire" and the troupe was moved to the Palais-Royal. Rival comedians tried to divide Molière's troupe but failed. Molière successively presented "L'Ecole des maris" in 1661 and "L'Ecole des femmes" in 1662.
He married Armande Béjart in 1662 (the year Molière and his troupe were accepted at the King's court), they had a son Louis in 1664 (Louis XIV was his godfather) but the latter died before his first birthday. The same year, members of the Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement tried to ban Molière's play "Le Tartuffe" but it was shown in May. Molière's troupe also presented Jean Racine's first play "La Thebaïde" then "Alexandre" the following year, but the troupe learnt that Racine made his play been performed elsewhere too, which brought a tension between the two authors. Armande gave birth to their daughter Esprit-Madeleine in 1665. Molière premiered "Dom Juan" in 1665, "Le Misanthrope" and "Le Médecin malgré lui" in 1666. In 1667 the troupe plaid Pierre Corneille's "Attila" and Molière's "L'Imposteur", which was only presented once because immediately banned. Molière had his first health problems. The troupe presented "Amphitryon", "George Dandin" and "L'Avare" in 1668, "Tartuffe" again in 1669 (the year Molière's father died), "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme" in 1670, "Les Fourberies de Scapin" and "Psyché" in 1671, "Les Femmes savantes" in 1672.
Molière had a quarrel with Jean-Baptiste Lully in 1672 over the right of using music in plays since Lully ruled the music utilization with his "académie royale de musique". Molière's second son, Pierre-Jean-Baptiste-Armand, was born the same year but died a few days after his baptism. In February 1673, during the 4th performance of his last play, "Le Malade Imaginaire", Molière fell and died a few hours later in his house (rue de Richelieu, Paris). His wife obtained from the King the right to bury his corpse in a cemetery, which was normally unauthorized for a comedian. Her daughter was his only child to live long enough to have children but didn't, therefore Molière had no direct descendants.- Blaise Pascal was born on 19 June 1623 in Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, France. Blaise was a writer, known for Portrait souvenir (1960), Kaléidoscopes (2012) and Pensées de Blaise Pascal (2016). Blaise died on 19 August 1662 in Paris, France.
- Charles Perrault was a French writer from Paris, and an early member of the Académie Française (French Academy). He was a pioneer in the then-new literary genre of the fairy tale, publishing "Stories or Tales from Past Times" (Histoires ou contes du temps passé, 1697). He combined elements from older folk tales with fantasy depictions of contemporary French society. His most popular fairy tales were "Bluebeard" (Barbe Bleue), "Cinderella" (Cendrillon), "Little Red Riding Hood" (Le Petit Chaperon Rouge), "Puss in Boots" (Le Maître chat ou le Chat botté), and "Sleeping Beauty" (La Belle au bois dormant). Perrault was a main influence on the Brothers Grimm, who published German variations of some of his tales. Several of his tales have received multiple adaptations in film, television, and theatre.
In 1628, Perrault was born to an affluent bourgeois family. He was the seventh child of Pierre Perrault and Paquette Le Clerc. His most notable brothers were the pioneering hydrologist Pierre Perrault (c. 1608-1680) and the architect, physician and anatomist Claude Perrault (1613-1688).
Perrault was trained in law, but chose to follow a career in government service. In 1663, Perrault was appointed as the first secretary of the "Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres", a learned society whose initial task was to compose or obtain Latin inscriptions to be copied on public monuments and medals. The society was founded by the influential minister of state Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), and Perrault served as Colbert's administrative aide.
In 1669, Perrault proposed to Louis XIV of France (1638 -1715, reigned 1643-1715) the construction of a group of 39 fountains in the labyrinth of Versailles. Each fountain would represent one of Aesop's fables. The fountains were constructed between 1672 and 1677. Once the work was completed, Perrault published guidebook for the labyrinth.
In 1674, Perrault wrote a book in defense of the opera "Alceste" (1674) by Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632 - 1687). The opera was an adaptation of the Greek play "Alcestis" (438 BC) by Euripides. Traditionalists denounced Lully for deviating too much from the story of the original work, while Perrault defended the merits of Lully's work. The controversy over the opera led to the so-called "Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns". Traditionalist and modernist scholars of the French court were arguing over whether ancient literature was superior to modern works, or whether modern literature had far surpassed its predecessor. Perrault became a leader of the modernist faction.
In 1682, Perrault faced mandatory retirement from his government posts at the age of 56. Colbert wanted to replace Perrault with one of his own sons, and was no longer interested in advancing Perrault's career. Following Colbert's death, Perrault found himself targeted by Colbert's surviving political rivals.
In 1686, Perrault made his first attempt to write "serious" epic poetry. He wrote an epic about the life of the Roman writer and bishop Paulinus of Nola (c. 354-431). The poem was poorly received, and Perrault was ridiculed by the satirist Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux (1636-1711).
In 1691, Perrault experimented with the fairy tale genre by writing the novella "La Marquise de Salusses ou la Patience de Griselidis". In 1693, he wrote the fairy tale "The Ridiculous Wishes". In the story, an impoverished couple are granted three wishes by an ancient god, but waste the opportunity to improve their life through poorly-thought wishes. In 1694, Perrault wrote the fairy tale "Donkeyskin". In the story, a widowed king wants to marry his own daughter (who resembles her mother), but the unwilling girl is protected by her fairy godmother. These stories were more warmly received by Perrault's associates.
In 1695, Perrault compiled the first edition of "Stories or Tales from Past Times". He collected his imaginative fairy tales, concluding each of them with a "rhymed, well-defined and cynical moral". In 1697, the work received its first printed edition. It became widely popular, with eight reprints in Perrault's lifetime.
In 1699, Perrault published his translation of the fables compiled by the Italian writer Gabriele Faerno (1510-1561). This translation was popular in England during the 18th century, and was used as a school textbook. It was Perrault's last significant work. Perrault died in 1703, at the age of 75. Most of his works fell out of fashion during the decades following his death, but his fairy tales remained in print. They have remained popular for centuries, ensuring an enduring fame for Perrault. - Music Department
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Jean-Baptiste Lully was born on 28 November 1632 in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany [now Tuscany, Italy]. He was a composer, known for The Brothers Grimm (2005), Quills (2000) and The BFG (2016). He died on 22 March 1687 in Paris, France.- Madame de La Fayette was born on 16 March 1634 in Paris, France. Madame de was a writer, known for The Beautiful Person (2008), The Princess of Montpensier (2010) and Princess of Cleves (1961). Madame de was married to Francois Comte de La Fayette. Madame de died on 25 May 1693 in Paris, France.
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Philippe Quinault was born on 3 June 1635 in Paris, France. He was a writer, known for Aria (1987), Cadmus & Hermione (2008) and Atys (2011). He was married to Louise Bouvet Goujon. He died on 26 November 1688 in Paris, France.- Jean-Baptiste Racine (22 December 1639 - 21 April 1699) was a French dramatist, one of the three great playwrights of 17th-century France, along with Molière and Corneille as well as an important literary figure in the Western tradition and world literature. Racine was primarily a tragedian, producing such "examples of neoclassical perfection" as Phèdre, Andromaque, and Athalie. He did write one comedy, Les Plaideurs, and a muted tragedy, Esther for the young.
- Antoine Galland was born on 6 April 1646 in : Rollot, Somme, France. Antoine was a writer, known for World Fairy Tale (1994), Aladdin (1992) and Sinbad (1992). Antoine died on 17 February 1715 in Paris, France.
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Marin Marais was born on 31 May 1656 in Paris, France. Marin was a composer, known for Sången om den eldröda blomman (1919), Liquid Sky (1982) and Miffo (2003). Marin died on 15 August 1728 in Paris, France.- Music Department
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Francois Couperin (Couperin le Grand) was born on November 10, 1668, in Paris, France. His father, named Charles Couperin, was the organist at the church of St. Gervais in Paris. In 1679, when Couperin's father died, he was already deputizing him as an organist, and on his 18th birthday Couperin officially inherited his father's previous position as the organist at St. Gervais.
Couperin composed a collection of 'Pieces d'orgue' (1690). That composition was acclaimed by his teacher Jacques Thomelin, who played for the King at the Chapelle Royale. Thomelin recommended Couperin to the Court and helped him to become established as a Royal Court organist in 1693, with the title 'Organiste du Roi'. From 1700-1717 Couperin was also the Royal Harpsichordist at Versailles. Couperin was composing music and directing the orchestra at Sunday concerts for the King. In 1724 he wrote a collection of exquisite trio sonatas 'La Parnasse ou L'apotheose de Corelli', acknowledging his debt to Arcangelo Corelli.
Couperin played mainly keyboard instruments, organ, harpsichord, and early pianoforte, of which he was the unrivaled virtuoso of his time. His compositions were published in elegantly engraved editions in 1713 and later, with careful annotations for players. His most important publication was 'L'art de touché le clavecin' (The art of touching the keyboard, 1716), where Couperin standardized notation for the use of ornaments and dotted rhythms, and elucidated the fingering system, including the use of thumbs in virtuoso passages. This book was thoroughly studied by Johann Sebastian Bach, who adopted the fingering system.
Francois Couperin composed and published over 230 pieces for keyboard. Johannes Brahms was influenced by and performed Couperin's keyboard music in public. Later Richard Strauss orchestrated several of Couperin's keyboard pieces in a form of tone poems. He was highly regarded by Claude Debussy and also by Maurice Ravel, who memorialized his favorite composer in the suite for solo piano 'Le Tombeau de Couperin' (1914-1917).
Couperin family was enjoying the dominant position in the French musical life of the Baroque era. Francois Couperin was the most important musician in the family and was distinguished with the title of 'Le Grad', or Couperin the Great. He died on September 12, 1733, in Paris, an was laid to rest in the Curch of Saint Joseph.- Louis-Nicolas Clérambault was born on 19 December 1676 in Paris, Île-de-France, Kingdom of France [now France]. Louis-Nicolas died on 26 October 1749 in Paris, Île-de-France, Kingdom of France [now France].
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Jean-Philippe Rameau was born on 25 September 1683 in Dijon, France. He was a composer, known for Casanova (2005), Babylon A.D. (2008) and The Handmaiden (2016). He died on 12 September 1764 in Paris, France.- Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve was a French author, best known for writing the original version of the fairy tale "La Belle et la Bête", or "Beauty and the Beast" in English. Born to Jean Barbot, squire, lord of Romagné and Mothais, councilor of the King at the Presidial of La Rochelle, and of Dame Suzanne Allaire, her original name was Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot, lady of Romagné and Mothais. Barbot was born and died in Paris, France, but belonged to a powerful Protestant family from La Rochelle. In 1706, Barbot married Jean-Baptiste Gaalon de Barzay, knight, lord of Villeneuve, a member of an aristocratic family from Poitou and lieutenant-colonel of infantry at the Berville Regiment. Gabrielle-Suzanne became a widow at the age of 26 and progressively lost her family fortune and was forced to seek a means of employment to support herself.
Eventually, she made her way to Paris where she embarked on her literary career. There, she met Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon, or Crébillon, père, whom she lived with until her death.
Her tale, Beauty and the Beast was published in La Jeune Américaine, et les Contes marins in 1740. Barbot de Villeneuve may have heard this tale from a maid while she was traveling to America. After her death, Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont re-wrote the tale in an abridged form and published it in 1756 in her Magasin des enfants to teach young English girls a moral lesson. Beaumont's edition is more well-known than this original version. In fact, Barbot de Villeneuve was not credited in Leprince de Beaumont's publication. - Future proponent for victims of injustice and tyranny during the years prior to the French Revolution, Voltaire (born François Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris) was educated in Paris by the Jesuits. For a time he studied law, then decided to become a writer. Witty, thought-provoking and socially critical, his unique writings inspired France's common people but angered the royalty. In 1717 he was imprisoned in the Bastille for 11 months for ridiculing Duc d'Orléans. While in prison he rewrote his tragedy "Oedipe", which upon its publication brought the young author and philosopher enormous fame and ominous notoriety; in 1726 he was forced to go into exile in England. There he became fascinated with the plays of William Shakespeare, and while shocked by their "barbaric" nature (calling Shakespeare "a drunken savage"), he was deeply affected by their genius, energy and human drama. He felt that France had much to learn from England's literature. Three years later he returned to France, writing plays and poetry as well as historical and scientific treatises, his brilliant 1734 "Lettres philosophiques" was published. Scandal followed this work, which harshly criticized the religious and political institutions. A warrant for his arrest was issued in 1734, and he fled, taking refuge at Cirey in Champagne in the home of Gabrielle Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil Marquise du Châtelet, the 28-year-old wife of the Marquis Florent du Châtelet. Here he began his professional liaison with the young, intelligent woman. Gabrielle worked with him on many philosophical and scientific topics. Her one major work was a translation of Isaac Newton's "Principia." Voltaire lived with her in the château he had renovated at his own expense. After 15 years as his guide and supporter, tragedy struck when Gabrielle died in childbirth on September 10, 1749. The baby was the presumed child of her lover, poet Jean-François de Saint-Lambert. Her husband, Voltaire, and Saint-Lambert were present at her death bed. Voltaire was overwhelmed with grief, often waking in the middle of the night calling her name. He eventually regained favor at the French court and was appointed its royal historiographer.
In 1755 he was living near Geneva, Switzerland, and wrote his most famous work, the satirical "Candide," in 1759. He later produced many anti-religious writings and his 1764 "Dictionnaire philosophique." His fame became worldwide. He was called "Innkeeper of Europe," and he entertained chic philosophers of the day and such literary figures as James Boswell, Giovanni Casanova and Edward Gibbon. Always impassioned about injustice, he took a keen interest in the case of Jean Calas, whose innocence he helped to establish. In 1761 Calas was accused, on trivial evidence, of murdering his eldest son to prevent him becoming a Roman Catholic. Calas was found guilty and executed by being broken on the wheel. Voltaire, in his late 60s by this time, spearheaded a fervent campaign, resulting in a revision of the trial. It was determined that the son had committed suicide, and the Parisian parliament declared Calas innocent in 1765. Voltaire finally returned to Paris in 1778, 28 years after leaving. He had become a beloved national celebrity, and it's believed that the frenzied excitement of such adoration from the French people aggravated his precarious health, reportedly, more than 300 people called on him the day after his arrival. He died a painful death on May 30 of uremia, only a few months after his celebrated arrival, at age 83. His nephew, the Abbé Mignot, had his body, clothed as it was the day he died, quickly transported to the Abbey of Scellières, where Voltaire was given a Christian burial; the prohibition of such a burial came after the ceremony. Because of his lifelong criticism of the church, Voltaire was denied burial in church ground. He was finally buried at an abbey in Champagne. His heart was removed from his body, and now lays in the Bibliotheque nationale in Paris. His brain was also removed, but after a series of moves during the next hundred years, it disappeared following an auction. Voltaire's remains were moved to the Panthéon in Paris during the Revolution in July 1791. In 1814, a group of right-wing religious "ultras" stole Voltaire's remains from his enormous sarcophagus and dumped them in a garbage heap. The theft went undetected for about 50 years. - Abbé Prévost was born on 1 April 1697 in Hesdin, Artois, France. He was a writer, known for Manon Lescaut (1914), The Metropolitan Opera HD Live (2006) and Manon Lescaut (1918). He died on 25 November 1763 in Paris, France.
- Carlo Goldoni was born on 25 February 1707 in Venice, Republic of Venice [now Veneto, Italy]. He was a writer, known for La locandiera (1929), Paese senza pace (1946) and Badaranii (1960). He was married to Nicoletta Connio. He died on 6 February 1793 in Paris, France.
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Michel Corrette was born on 10 April 1707 in Rouen, Normandy, Kingdom of France [now Seine-Maritime, France]. Michel was a composer, known for The Society of the Spectacle (1974), Désormais (1963) and Le bourgeois gentilhomme (2009). Michel died on 21 January 1795 in Paris, France.- One of the most prominent French philosophes and the author of "L'Encyclopédie", Diderot was born in 1713, the son of a cutler. An ardent student of classical literature, he attended the University of Paris, from which he received a master of the arts degree in 1732. A radical freethinker, Diderot rejected conventional dogma and associated himself with some of the most enlightened philosophers of his age. His books were burned and Diderot himself served three months in Vincennes prison in retaliation for his attacks on the conventional morality of the day. Some of his books were considered so radical that they were banned until after his death.
- Friedrich von der Trenck was born on 16 February 1726 in Königsberg, East Prussia, Prussia [now Kaliningrad, Russia]. He was a writer, known for Merkwürdige Lebensgeschichte des Friedrich Freiherrn von der Trenck (1973) and Your Favorite Story (1953). He died on 25 July 1794 in Paris, France.
- François-Hubert Drouais was born on 14 December 1727 in Paris, France. François-Hubert is known for Night Descends on Treasure Island (1940). François-Hubert died on 21 October 1775 in Paris, France.
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Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny was born on 17 October 1729 in Fauquembergues-en-Artois, Pas-de-Calais, France. He is known for The Rules of the Game (1939) and Le deserteur ou L'épreuve amoureuse (1994). He died on 14 January 1817 in Paris, France.- Writer
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Beaumarchais was born on 24 January 1732 in Paris, France. Beaumarchais was a writer, known for The Rules of the Game (1939), The Barber of Seville (1938) and The Marriage of Figaro (1949). Beaumarchais was married to Marie-Thérèse Willermawlaz, Geneviève Wattebled Lévêque and Madeleine Aubertin. Beaumarchais died on 18 May 1799 in Paris, France.- Art Department
Jean Honoté Fragonard was born on 5 April 1732 in Grasse, France. Jean Honoté is known for The Souvenir (2019). Jean Honoté was married to Marie-Anne Fragonard. Jean Honoté died on 22 August 1806 in Paris, France.- Music Department
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François-Joseph Gossec was born on 17 January 1734 in Vergnies, France [now Hainaut, Belgium]. François-Joseph is known for In the Good Old Summertime (1949), Reservation Road (2007) and Love & Friendship (2016). François-Joseph died on 16 February 1829 in Passy [now Paris], France.- Nicolas Restif de La Bretonne was born on 23 November 1734 in Sacy, Yonne, France. He was a writer, known for 4 Days in France (2016), The Secrets of Love: Three Rakish Tales (1986) and The Pleasure (1985). He died on 3 February 1806 in Paris, France.
- Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangia or Giuseppe Ludovico De la Grange Tournier; 25 January 1736 - 10 April 1813), also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrange or Lagrangia, was an Italian mathematician and astronomer, later naturalized French. He made significant contributions to the fields of analysis, number theory, and both classical and celestial mechanics. In 1766, on the recommendation of Swiss Leonhard Euler and French d'Alembert, Lagrange succeeded Euler as the director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Prussia, where he stayed for over twenty years, producing volumes of work and winning several prizes of the French Academy of Sciences. Lagrange's treatise on analytical mechanics (Mécanique analytic, 4. ed., 2 vols. Paris: Gauthier-Villars ET fills, 1788-89), written in Berlin and first published in 1788, offered the most comprehensive treatment of classical mechanics since Newton and formed a basis for the development of mathematical physics in the nineteenth century.In 1787, at age 51, he moved from Berlin to Paris and became a member of the French Academy of Sciences. He remained in France until the end of his life. He was instrumental in the decimalization in Revolutionary France, became the first professor of analysis at the École Polytechnique upon its opening in 1794, was a founding member of the Bureau desk Longitudes, and became Senator in 1799.
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Johann Martini was born on 1 September 1741 in Freystadt, Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire [now Bavaria, Germany]. Johann is known for Best Seller (1987), The Butcher (1970) and We're No Angels (1955). Johann died on 10 February 1816 in Paris, France.- Writer
Dominique Vivant was born on 1 April 1747 in Chalon-sur-Saône, Saône-et-Loire, France. Dominique was a writer. Dominique died on 24 April 1825 in Paris, France.- She was one of the younger daughters of the couple Anne-Olympe and Pierre Gouze from a lower middle class background - her mother was the laundress Anne-Olympe Mouisset, who had been married to the butcher Pierre Gouze since 1756. Marie Gouze's biological father was probably Jean-Jacques Le Franc de Pompignan, a Catholic minor aristocrat who moved to Paris, became known there as a man of letters, was accepted into the Académie Française and never acknowledged his daughter. Marie Gouze spent her childhood and youth in her Occitan hometown of Montauban. According to the practices of the time, girls received little or no education. Therefore, the young girl will only have had elementary knowledge of reading and writing. At the age of 17, she was married against her will - to Louis-Yves Aubry, an innkeeper from Paris. He opened an inn there, thanks to her trousseau for this marriage. In 1766 she gave birth to her son Pierre. A short time later her husband is said to have died in the flooding of the River Tarn.
In 1768 the widow and her son moved to Paris, where her sister and brother-in-law were already living. For the rest of her life, Marie Aubry, who adopted the stage name Olympe de Gouges during her time in Paris, a combination of her mother's middle name and a spelling of her maiden name Gouze, remained unmarried. She entered into a free relationship that lasted over 15 years with Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, a noble transport operator in the service of the royal army. The period in her life between her settlement in Paris and her first appearance as a playwright is not known with certainty. During this period from 1768 to 1784 she will have further developed her language, cultural and political knowledge. It was also the time of her first literary attempts, in which she wrote dramas, comedies and other small socio-political pieces, including the socially critical title "Remarques patriotiques", in which she formulated a comprehensive social program.
In 1784, her first publication was the epistolary novel "Mémoire de Mme. de Valmont", which used a biographical background to address the contemporary problem of illegitimate children and the forced marriage of girls. She had previously written a drama that condemned the suffering situation of slaves in the French colonies, designed as a play entitled "Zamore et Mirza ou l'heureux naufrage". The femme de lettres was the first woman to publicly stand up against these grievances in her country. Economic interests in particular prevented a performance in the Paris National Theater "Comédie Française". The author ended up in the Bastille for some time at the behest of the Duke of Duras as the person in charge of the royal theater. It was not until 1789, the year of the French Revolution, that the public production took place, which was considered a scandal and quickly led to the piece being canceled. During this time she wrote and published a number of political brochures, leaflets and posters - despite numerous hostilities because of her Enlightenment ideals. Her play "Le Couvent" was performed at the Théâtre Français Comique & Lyrique in 1790.
In 1791, the pioneer wrote her most contemporary work, the "Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizens", in which she outlined equal - including political - rights and duties for women as well as their existential independence. The letter she sent to the National Assembly should be understood as a note of protest and an explicit counter-proposal to the first written French constitution following the revolution, which began with the motto "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité". Not only were its authors exclusively men, but the content of the Égalité excluded women because it was based on the "Declaration of Human and Civil Rights" (Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen). The following year, de Gouges' great utopian novel "The Philosophical Prince" was published, in which she radically addressed the equality of women in all rights. Olymp de Gouges' last play, the drama "L'entrée de Dumourier à Bruxelles ou les vivandiers" from 1793, was full of political explosiveness at the time, because Dumouriez, the protagonist of the piece, switched to the camp of the political opponent shortly after the premiere.
In addition, the critical author publicly warned against revolutionary radicalization or smear campaigns, and spoke out against the terror of revolutionary rule or the death penalty - including for the former royal couple. In her wall newspaper "Les trois urnes ou le salut de la patrie" she campaigned for a direct popular election and was arrested on July 20, 1793 when she tried to put up a poster. Olympe de Gouges was initially incorporated into the Commune de Paris for a short time locked and then housed in the Abbey de Saint-Germain des Pres and other revolutionary prisons. Lengthy interrogations and a house search followed. Even while under arrest, she remained active and wrote stubborn letters, including to the Revolutionary Tribunal. The catastrophic conditions in detention wear them down, exhaust them and make them sick. From October 28th she was imprisoned in the "Conciergerie" in Paris's Palais de la Cité, a prison with 1,200 inmates. On November 1st, she was tried before the special court as the highest judicial authority. Her verdict: death by guillotine. The court did not allow an appeal and the sentence was carried out in the Place de la Concorde that afternoon.
Olympe de Gouges died by beheading in Paris on November 3, 1793. - Comte de Mirabeau was born on 17 March 1749 in Le Bignon-Mirabeau, Loiret, France. Comte was a writer, known for Softly from Paris (1986). Comte was married to Émilie de Marignane. Comte died on 2 April 1791 in Paris, France.
- Hahnemann grew up in poor circumstances. Thanks to a scholarship, the talented boy was able to attend secondary school. He devoted himself to the writings of Hippocrates and other founders of the medical art. In 1775, Hahnemann began studying medicine in Leipzig, and two years later he moved to the University of Vienna. In 1779 he completed his studies with a doctorate in Erlangen. In 1782, Hahnemann married the pharmacist Johanne Leopoldine Henriette Küchler, with whom they had eleven children. His wife died in 1830. From 1785 to 1789, Hahnemann was responsible for managing the hospitals as deputy of the city physicist in Dresden. In 1789 the family settled in Leipzig. Hahnemann had now retired from practicing medicine to devote himself entirely to writing and translating medical writings.
In 1790, after reading a medical book and conducting a self-experiment with cinchona, he discovered the "rule of similarity" as the principle of action of natural medicines that cause disease symptoms in healthy people that are analogous to those experienced by the sick person for whom they have a healing effect. In self-experimentation, the cinchona bark used against intermittent fever caused the same symptoms of intermittent fever in healthy Hahnemann. The experiment is considered to be the birth of homeopathy, whose principle of action "similia similibus curentur" ("Similar ailments can be cured by similar means") was only published by Hahnemann in 1796 after repeated experiments and observations. Accordingly, the homeopathic medicine is used in low concentrations against the diseases that the remedy would cause in high doses.
He then began practicing as a doctor again in order to further develop the new method. Hahnemann made the discovery that the healing effect of medicines was inversely related to their dilution, which led him to develop another basic principle of homeopathy. In 1801, Hahnemann drew attention to himself with his work "Healing and Prevention of Scarlet Fever". Further writings such as his main work "Organon of Rational Medicine" (1810) and the work "Pure Medicine" (1811) followed. Although Hahnemann's new healing methods caused considerable discontent in the learned medical world, he was able to work as a lecturer in pharmacology at the University of Leipzig from 1811 to 1821.
At the invitation of Prince Ferdinand of Anhalt-Köthen, the family settled in Köthen in 1821, where Hahnemann lived until 1835 and published, among other things, the work "The Chronic Illnesses" (1928). After the death of his first wife (1830), Hahnemann married Melanie d''Hervilly at the beginning of 1835, with whom he settled in Paris. The alternative practitioner opened a thriving practice in the French capital. Between 1841 and 1843, Hahnemann wrote the sixth and final edition of the "Organon", which was only published posthumously with the LM potencies and is now considered a standard work of early homeopathy.
Samuel Hahnemann died on July 2, 1843 in Paris. - Writer
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Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun was born on 16 April 1755 in Paris, France. She was a writer, known for Vigée Le Brun: The Queens Painter (2015) and Night Descends on Treasure Island (1940). She was married to Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Le Brun. She died on 30 March 1842 in Paris, France.- Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz was born on 16 February 1757 in Skoki, Brest Litovsk Voivodeship, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth [now Skoki, Brest Region, Belarus]. Julian Ursyn died on 21 May 1843 in Paris, Kingdom of France.
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Ignace Pleyel was born on 18 June 1757 in Ruppersthal, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire [now Lower Austria, Austria]. He died on 14 November 1831 in Paris, France.- Poet and playwright, son of Nicolás Fernández de Moratin (1737-1780), who was also a playwright. In 1787, Moratín was sent on a mission to France and used his stay to study French drama and meet young poets and writers. This would inspire him to reform Spanish drama with plays in the French classical style, e.g. El Viejo y la Ninña (1790) and La Comedia Nueva (1792). After travelling through France, England, Germany, Italy and the Low Countries, Moratín improved his style, with plays such as El Barón (1803) and La Mojigata (The Female Hypocrite, 1804). His best work is El Si de las Niñas (1806). Due to political causes, Moratín was forced into exile, and went to Paris, where he died in 1828. His El médico a palos (1928) was an adaptation of Molière's Le Médecin malgré Lui.
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Luigi Cherubini was born on 8 September 1760 in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany [now Tuscany, Italy]. He is known for Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992), Novye priklyucheniya yanki pri dvore korolya Artura (1989) and Le souper (1992). He was married to Anne Cécile Tourette. He died on 15 March 1842 in Paris, France.- Writer
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Jean Nicolas Bouilly was born on 24 January 1763 in La Coudraye, Indre-et-Loire, France. Jean Nicolas was a writer, known for Fidelio (1956), Fidelio (1968) and The Metropolitan Opera Presents (1977). Jean Nicolas died on 25 April 1842 in Paris, France.- Music Department
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Étienne-Nicolas Méhul was born on 22 June 1763 in Givet, Ardennes, France. He was a writer, known for Tonight We Raid Calais (1943), Black and White in Color (1976) and La rumba (1987). He died on 18 October 1817 in Paris, France.- Music Department
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Marie-Joseph Chénier was born on 11 February 1764 in Istanbul, Turkey. Marie-Joseph is known for Tonight We Raid Calais (1943), Black and White in Color (1976) and La rumba (1987). Marie-Joseph died on 11 January 1811 in Paris, France.- Composer
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Benjamin Constant was born on 23 October 1767 in Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland. He was a composer and writer, known for Adolphe, ou l'âge tendre (1968), Adolphe (2002) and Novela (1963). He died on 8 December 1830 in Paris, France.- François-René de Chateaubriand was born on 4 September 1768 in Saint-Malo, Ille-et-Vilaine, France. He was a writer, known for La mer (2011). He died on 4 July 1848 in Paris, Île-de-France, France.
- Louis-Benoit Picard was born on 29 July 1769 in Paris, France. Louis-Benoit was a writer, known for Der Parasit (1957), Der Parasit (1963) and Der Parasit (1963). Louis-Benoit died on 31 December 1828 in Paris, France.
- Mathieu Jean-Baptiste Nioche de Tournay was born on 30 December 1770 in Le Mans, Sarthe, France. Mathieu Jean-Baptiste was a writer, known for Monsieur Vautour (1914). Mathieu Jean-Baptiste died on 7 February 1844 in Paris, France.
- Charles Nodier was born on 29 April 1780 in Besançon, Doubs, France. He was a writer, known for La légende de soeur Béatrix (1923) and Grands pas classiques (1978). He died on 27 January 1844 in Paris, France.
- Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres was born on 29 August 1780 in Montauban, France. Jean-Auguste-Dominique died on 17 January 1867 in Paris, France.
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Daniel-François Auber was born on 29 January 1782 in Caen, Calvados, France. He was a writer, known for Jane Eyre (2011), The Dumb Girl of Portici (1916) and The Devil's Brother (1933). He died on 12 May 1871 in Paris, France.