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Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American novelist, dark romantic, and short story writer. His works often focus on history, morality, and religion. He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, from a family long associated with that town. Hawthorne entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824, and graduated in 1825. He published his first work in 1828, the novel Fanshawe; he later tried to suppress it, feeling that it was not equal to the standard of his later work. He published several short stories in periodicals, which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The following year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He worked at the Boston Custom House and joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community, before marrying Peabody in 1842. The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires, then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels. A political appointment as consul took Hawthorne and family to Europe before their return to Concord in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, and was survived by his wife and their three children. Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral metaphors with an anti-Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography of his college friend Franklin Pierce, the 14th President of the United States.- He grew up here and attended school. As a sailor, he joined Giuseppe Mazzini's "Giovine Italia" (Young Italy) in 1833, only to go into exile from February 1834 after the failure of the conspiratorial organization's first attempt at an uprising. Various jobs followed, which included him, among other things: In 1836 he reached Rio de Janeiro, where he founded a Brazilian section of "Young Italy" with other Italian emigrants. After his participation in the democratic and separatist uprising of the Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul, he was forced to move to Montevideo in Uruguay in 1841. Here he fought as a fleet commander with other Italian emigrants on the side of the progressive-democratic forces of Uruguay against the anti-democratic direction supported by Argentina. In the spring of 1848, the revolutionary news from Italy ended the involvement of the "Italian Legion" in the civil war in Uruguay, where Garibaldi had at least become commander-in-chief of all armed forces.
Returning to Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi took part in the Piedmontese war against Austria in 1848/49 with his volunteer associations called the "Red Shirts". The tenacious, if ultimately unsuccessful, defense of the Roman Republic established his fame in the liberal-democratic movement of all Italian states. In September 1849, the suppression of the revolutions drove him into his second exile, which took him to Peru via Tunis, Tangier and New York. There he took command of a merchant ship in 1851, with which he sailed to China. In 1854 Garibaldi arrived in London, where he confronted Mazzini about his defection to the moderate wing of the Italian national movement around Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, which, in contrast to republican Mazzinism, promoted a monarchical solution to the national question under the leadership of the Piedmontese-Savoy ruling dynasty. Garibaldi's surprising conversion was clearly confirmed in 1856 when he joined the Piedmontese-oriented "Italian National Association" ("Società nazionale italiana").
After personal coordination with Cavour and the Savoyard monarch Victor Emmanuel II, Garibaldi successfully took part in the Piedmontese-French war against Austria in 1859 as commander of the Alpine hunters, which ended with the partial independence of the northern Italian territories. At the beginning of May 1860 he finally led the legendary "Procession of a Thousand" to Sicily, with which he freed the island and the entire southern Italian mainland from Bourbon rule by October and prepared their incorporation into the newly emerging Italian national state. The Garibaldins' intended further march against the Papal States was stopped by Cavour's intervention out of diplomatic consideration. On October 26, 1860, at a meeting with the king in Teano, just outside Naples, Giuseppe Garibaldi expressed his submission to the Piedmontese-Savoy leadership with a brief but famous "I obey" ("Obbedisco") to Victor Emmanuel II Expression.
After the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in March 1861, Garibaldi, now in open opposition to the moderate-liberal leadership elite of the new Italy, unsuccessfully fought for the liberation of the Papal States that remained under papal rule in 1862 and 1867. In 1866, as commander of the volunteer associations, he contributed victoriously to the Prussian-Italian war against Austria, which resulted in the integration of Veneto into the Italian national state. In 1870/71, Garibaldi escaped from the arrest imposed on him by the police on his "home island" of Caprera to defend the new French Republic against the Prussian invaders, over whom he won a victory at Dijon. In the last decade of his life, "the general" only took part in the domestic political discourse in Italy in a journalistic capacity.
Giuseppe Garibaldi died on June 2, 1882 in Caprera. With his death, not only Italian but also global myth-making began about the charismatic people's liberation fighter. - Music Department
- Composer
- Soundtrack
Stephen Foster was America's first professional songwriter of note. He was born in Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania, and developed musical talent early in his life, while still young beginning to compose in the style of Negro minstrel music of the day. His first hit as a professional songwriter was "Oh! Susanna," which he sold to a publisher for $100 in 1848. In 1849, he began writing songs for the most successful black-faced minstrel troupe of all time, led by E.P. Christy, and from whom the 1960's folk group The New Christy Minstrels took their name. "The Old Folks at Home" (a/k/a "Swanee River") was written for Christy, and during the 1850's, Foster wrote most of his best-known songs, including "Camptown Races" and "My Old Kentucky Home." He married Jane Denny McDowell on July 22, 1850 and they settled in Pittsburgh, having one daughter, Marion. The troubled marriage was one of separations and reconciliations. During one such separation, he wrote "Jeannie With the Light Brown Hair," inspired by his estranged wife, and they reconciled after its publication. However, although Foster composed more than 200 songs in his lifetime, many still popular today, copyright laws in music were rarely enforced at the time and he made little money in his short life. By 1857, he was in a creative slump and in such economic straits that he sold all rights to any future songs for just under $2,000. He and his wife soon separated, but this one was to last until his death. He moved to New York City, living alone and suffering from acute alcoholism, which only added to his financial problems. Songs of the Civil War being fought at the time did not prove as popular as his previous songs. On January 13, 1864, he died in the charity ward of New York's Bellevue Hospital, being taken there after a protracted fever that had weakened him so much that he had collapsed and hit his head on a washbasin at home. Only two weeks before, he had composed his last great song, "Beautiful Dreamer."- Victor Neumann was born on 4 July 1852. He was an actor, known for To Mennesker (1916), Borgslægtens historie (1920) and Juveltyven paa Æventyr (1914). He died on 6 June 1924.
- Inda Palmer was born on 4 July 1853. She was an actress, known for Nicholas Nickleby (1912), Crossed Wires (1915) and Over the Hill (1917). She died on 26 April 1923 in near Ridgewood, New Jersey, USA.
- Director
- Cinematographer
William Matthew Tilghman served as a lawman for 35 years. In his career he rode with the Earps, was a lawman in Dodge City, Kansas, and battled the Dalton gang and the Wild Bunch. In the early 1900s he became fed up with the way Hollywood glamorized the outlaws of the west and, along with his friends E.D. Nix and Chris Madsen, set out to make a movie of how it really was back then. They starred in the film, Passing of the Oklahoma Outlaws (1915), as themselves and arranged to have a member of the Dalton gang named Arkansas Tom released from prison to act as a technical consultant. They met with some difficulty in getting the film shown--theater owners didn't want to show it because there were no name actors in it. Hollywood told them to put Tom Mix in it if they wanted it to sell, but Tilghman refused.
In 1924, some businessmen from the town of Cromwell, Oklahoma, contacted Tilghman, hoping to persuade him to accept the position of town sheriff. Cromwell was a virtual cesspool of crime: bootlegging, gambling and prostitution (many of the prostitutes being underage) were among the illegal activities going on, all under the protection of a corrupt federal Prohibition agent named Wiley Lynn. Cromwell was a booming oil town, and its citizens wanted Tilghman to run the "bad element" out of town in order to preserve its future; they didn't want the town to dry up when the oil did. Tilghman was reluctant at first, but finally took the job and promised to clean up the town. He made good on his promises, closing down gambling houses, arresting bootleggers and moonshiners and sending the prostitutes home to their families. This upset those in town who were running the various crime rings, including Wiley Lynn. One night as Tilghman was having dinner with friends at Ma Murphy's restaurant, Lynn showed up. He claimed he had a warrant, and was coming in to clear out the underage girls who worked there, dancing with lonely men. He was brandishing a pistol, and according to witnesses was either drunk or high on cocaine. As Tilghman and his deputy attempted to disarm Lynn, he pulled out a .22-caliber pistol and shot Tilghman in the mid-section. He escaped, while Tilghman lay dying on the boardwalk. A doctor was summoned, and a friend fetched Tilghman's young wife and children. The doctor was unable to save him, and Tilghman died on a table in Ma Murphy's, surrounded by his friends and family (in 1925 Wiley Lynn was tried for and acquitted of Tilghman's murder, but was dismissed from federal service. In 1932 he was shot and killed by an agent of the Oklahoma Bureau of Investigation).- Lizzie McCall was born on 4 July 1857 in Buffalo, New York, USA. She was an actress, known for The Other Girl (1915). She died on 18 April 1942 in The Bronx, New York, USA.
- Virginia Ross was born on 4 July 1859 in Wheeling, West Virginia, USA. She was an actress, known for False Evidence (1919) and The Red Lantern (1919). She was married to Edward Connelly. She died on 27 January 1935 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Lillian Castle was born on 4 July 1864 in Missouri, USA. She was an actress, known for Lightning Triggers (1935). She died on 24 April 1959 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Rudolf Presber was born on 4 July 1868 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He was a writer, known for Die selige Exzellenz (1927), Der behexte Neptun (1925) and Kungen kommer (1936). He was married to Emma Otten, Hedwig Dietz and Lucie Ernst. He died on 1 October 1935 in Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany.
- Henrietta Swan Leavitt was born on 4 July 1868 in Lancaster, Massachusetts, USA. She died on 12 December 1921 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- Evelyn Oakie was born on 4 July 1868 in Hedgesville, West Virginia, USA. She was an actress, known for Too Much Harmony (1933). She was married to James Madison Offield Jr. and James Madison Offield. She died on 28 February 1939 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Mariya Andreyeva was born on 4 July 1868 in St. Petersburg, Russian Empire [now Russia]. She was an actress, known for Nichtozhniye (1916). She died on 8 December 1953 in Moscow, RSFSR, USSR [now Russia].
- Writer
- Director
William E. Wing was born on 4 July 1869 in Maine, USA. He was a writer and director, known for Speed Madness (1925), The Lure of the Circus (1918) and Hands Across the Border (1926). He was married to Marie A. ?. He died on 10 March 1947 in Los Angeles, California, USA.- William Vaughn Moody, was an American College professor, poet, author and playwright. Orphaned at an early age, Moody had to work his way through prep school and later Harvard. By 1895 he had earned a master's degree in English from Harvard. He went on to be an instructor at Harvard and Radcliffe and later the University of Chicago, where he held the chair of Professor of English Literature. In 1903 Moody decided to leave the academic field to focus full time on writing.
Moody is probably best remembered as the author of "A History of English Literature", "The Great Divide", "The Faith Healer" and the lyrical drama "The Masque of Judgment".
On 5 July, 1909 Moody married Chicago high school English teacher Harriet Converse Tilden at Wesleyan Methodist Church in Québec, Canada. While most likely on their honeymoon, Moody became seriously ill on board a passenger ship in the South Atlantic. At first the illness mystified his doctors, but eventually they would discover he had an inoperative brain tumor. Moody passed away at Colorado Springs, Colorado on 17 October, 1910, barely a year after he first fell ill.
The 1948 book "A House in Chicago" by Olivia H. Dunbar, tells the story of Harriet Moody's romance and marriage with William Vaughn Moody and how in the years following his death their home became a mecca for many artists and intellectuals of that era. - Riek Kloppenburg was born on 4 July 1869 in Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands. She was an actress, known for Oranje Hein (1925), De jantjes (1922) and Bleeke Bet (1923). She died on 26 December 1941 in Valburg, Gelderland, Netherlands.
- Frank Dawson was born on 4 July 1870 in Plymouth, England, UK. He was an actor, known for The Woman in the Window (1944), The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939) and Broadway Hostess (1935). He was married to Pauline Matthews. He died on 11 October 1953 in Hollywood, California, USA.
- Writer
- Actress
Laura Leycester was born on 4 July 1870 in Tonbridge, Kent, England, UK. She was a writer and actress, known for Motherhood (1915), The Rising Generation (1928) and The Five Wishes (1916). She died on 21 February 1942 in Chelsea, London, England, UK.- Though three U.S. Presidents have died on the Fourth of July, John Calvin Coolidge was the first and only one to have been born on that date, in 1874. He is also the only President to have had the oath of office administered by his father, a justice of the peace, who swore him in when the Coolidges received word of President Warren G. Harding's death. Coolidge's reputation is that of an unfeeling and lazy man, unaware of what was going on in the country and who dawdled while the United States drifted toward the Great Depression. Yet history doesn't really support this caricature of a man who actually was a highly intelligent and complex individual.
Though self-contained and terse, Coolidge was an extremely intelligent man and a fine scholar (his wedding gift to his wife, Grace Goodhue, was his own translation of Dante Alighieri's "Inferno". A week after the wedding, Coolidge, ever the practical New Englander, also presented his wife with 52 pairs of his socks that needed mending). Some have argued that Coolidge was the best-prepared candidate ever to become President, having worked his way through a succession of elective political offices until he wound up as the Vice President under Harding, attaining the presidency when Harding died in office in August of 1923. Coolidge was a laissez-faire proponent, believing, like Jefferson, that the government governs best which governs least. In July of 1924 his son, Calvin Jr., died of blood poisoning. The younger Coolidge, like his mother, was an outgoing and gregarious boy, and his death affected his father deeply. Although some historians have characterized Coolidge's behavior in office as marked by laziness or indolence, it seems now that it was almost certainly a deep depression brought about by the death of his son. Coolidge chose not to run in 1928. Privately, his wife remarked to a friend that "Daddy thinks there is going to be a Depression." On January 5, 1933, he died of heart failure at his home in Northampton, Massachusetts.
Though Coolidge was dismissed for years as a presidential lightweight, his reputation has grown in recent years. President Ronald Reagan retrieved Coolidge's portrait from storage and displayed it in the White House during his tenure in office, and a recent biography has provided a much more favorable view of Coolidge and his presidency than had previously been available. - Actor
- Writer
Harry Tate born Ronald Hutchison in Scotland in 1872. Tate worked for Harry Tate & Sons, Sugar Refiners before going on the theatre, and took his stage name from them. British comedian, made his stage debut at the Oxford Music Hall in 1895, becoming a highly well-known impressionist of popular music hall stars such as Dan Leno, Eugene Stratton, George Robey and R.G. Knowles and also was highly successful with his comedy sketches, most notably 'Motoring' which he later starred in the movie version made by the Inter-Cine Film Co in 1927, his other comedy sketches include 'Running an Office' and 'Billiards and Fishing'. He first starred in films impersonating music hall stars for the Warwick Trading Film Co in 1899. Appeared mostly in character and support in talkies from 1932 until his last screen appearance in Sam Small Leaves Town (1937) starring Stanley Holloway. He used his bristling moustache to express all kinds of emotions by twitching it. Died shortly after suffering a stroke in 1940 age 67. Father of actor Harry Tate Jr..- Max Kronert was born on 4 July 1872 in Breslau, Germany. He was an actor, known for The Doll (1919), The Golem (1920) and The Oyster Princess (1919). He died on 22 July 1925.
- Anna Svarcová was born on 4 July 1873 in Prague, Cechy, Austria-Hungary [now Czech Republic]. She was an actress, known for Únos bankére Fuxe (1923), Workers, Let's Go (1934) and Magdalena (1921). She died on 26 January 1951 in Prague, Czechoslovakia [now Czech Republic].
- Gardner Crane was born on 4 July 1874 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. He was an actor, known for Arty, the Artist (1914) and The Woman Pays (1914). He was married to Madge Crane. He died on 8 June 1939 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Actor
- Additional Crew
- Soundtrack
William Farnum was born the son of G.D. Farnum and Adela Le Gros, actors who trained their William and his two brothers, Dustin Farnum and Marshall Farnum, in their profession. William made his stage debut at the age of 10 in Richmond, Virginia, in a production of "Julius Caesar" starring Edwin Booth. His first Broadway appearance was in 1896. His first major stage success was in the title role in "Ben Hur", in which he toured for five years. From 1915 to 1925 he devoted himself exclusively to motion pictures and became one of the highest paid stars in Hollywood, receiving from William Fox $10,000 weekly. In 1924 he was seriously injured while filming The Man Who Fights Alone (1924). After that he was reduced to playing minor roles until the end of the silent era. He returned to the stage in 1925 playing Sir Ralph Morgan in "The Buccaneer". The following year he appeared in the title role of Julius Caesar and two years later was on Broadway as Banquo in "Macbeth". On June 10, 1953, Farnum's funeral was held at the Wilshire Methodist Church in Los Angeles. Pallbearers were Cecil B. DeMille, Jesse Lasky, Frank Lloyd, Clarence Brown, Charles Coburn and Leo Carillo. The eulogy was read by Pat O'Brien.- Director
- Actor
- Writer
J. Arthur Nelson was born on 4 July 1876 in Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA. He was a director and actor, known for Slim Becomes a Detective (1913), Slim Turns the Tables (1913) and Slim Joins the Army (1914). He died on 10 December 1960 in Twin Falls, Idaho, USA.- Taylor N. Duncan was born on 4 July 1877. He was an actor, known for Terror Island (1920), Intolerance (1916) and Strings of Steel (1926). He died on 28 July 1957.
- Actress
Inez Fröling was born on 4 July 1877. She was an actress. She died on 8 May 1961.- Additional Crew
Dr. Frost was born on 4 July 1878 in California, USA. Dr. died on 2 January 1949 in Sacramento, California, USA.- Mae Prestell was born on 4 July 1878 in Iowa, USA. She was an actress, known for The Smoke Eaters (1926), The Girl He Didn't Buy (1928) and Beulah (1915). She died on 29 April 1952 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Producer
- Cinematographer
Norton Travis was born on 4 July 1878 in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He was a producer and cinematographer, known for The Folly of Revenge (1916), Heritage (1920) and The Clutches of the Loan Shark (1912). He died on 22 May 1941 in Los Angeles, California, USA.- Wolfgang von Schwindt was born on 4 July 1879 in Elbogen, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary [now Loket, Czech Republic]. He was an actor, known for Lady Windermeres Fächer (1935), The Grand Duke's Finances (1934) and Im letzten Augenblick (1923). He died on 19 April 1949 in Vienna, Austria.
- Edward Boulden was born on 4 July 1879 in Pencader, Delaware, USA. He was an actor, known for Mary Stuart (1913), The Right Number, But the Wrong House (1913) and The Venus Model (1918). He died on 29 August 1937.
- Writer
- Director
- Producer
Oskar Schubert-Stevens was born on 4 July 1879. He is known for Schönheitskonkurrenz (1919), Fräulein Taugenichts (1919) and Gegen den Strom (1920).- Actor
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Pat Rooney was born on 4 July 1880 in New York City, New York, USA. He was an actor and writer, known for It's All Wrong (1916), The Actor's Boarding House (1915) and Huntin' Trouble (1924). He was married to Carmen Schaffer, Janet Reade and Patricia Rooney. He died on 9 September 1962 in New York City, New York, USA.- Director
- Writer
- Actor
Stellan Rye was born on 4 July 1880 in Randers, Denmark. He was a director and writer, known for Der Flug in die Sonne (1914), Ein Sommernachtstraum in unserer Zeit (1914) and The Student of Prague (1913). He died on 14 November 1914 in France.- George Cummings was born on 4 July 1880 in Richmond, Virginia, USA. He was an actor, known for Alias Jimmy Valentine (1915), The Argyle Case (1917) and The Whipping Boss (1924). He died on 11 March 1946 in Los Angeles County, California, USA.
- Percy Richards was born on 4 July 1880 in London, England, UK. He is known for Autumn (1916) and Diana the Huntress (1916).
- Frank Stafford was born on 4 July 1881 in Urbana, Ohio, USA. He was an actor, known for Oliver Twist (1912). He died on 28 June 1943 in San Diego, California, USA.
- Cor Van der Lugt Melsert was born on 4 July 1882 in Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands. He was an actor, known for Willem van Oranje (1934) and Veertig jaren (1938). He died on 16 August 1969 in The Hague, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands.
- Arthur Mund was born on 4 July 1882 in Missouri, USA. He was an actor, known for A Deal in Indians (1915), A Shot Gun Romance (1915) and Jerry and the Smugglers (1916). He died on 13 August 1975 in San Francisco, California, USA.
- Writer
- Director
- Actor
Famed cartoonist, author and composer, educated at the University of California with a BS degree. He was a cartoonist for the San Francisco Chronicle between 1904 and 1905, the Bulletin from 1905-1907, and the New York Evening Mail from then to 1921, and thereafter his cartoons (which mainly pictured fantastic inventions and eventually caused his name to become a term for any complicated device) were syndicated. He directed a cartoon course at the Institute of Commercial Art, and won a Pulitzer Prize in 1948 for an editorial cartoon. He authored the books "Foolish Questions", "Chasing the Blues", "Is There a Doctor In the House?", "Soup to Nuts" (later filmed), and "Post-War World". Joining ASCAP in 1950, his chief musical collaborators included Bert Grant, Irving Caesar, and Ruth Patterson. His popular-song compositions include "You're Everywhere", "I'm The Guy", and "Willie the Whistling Giraffe".- Hazel Boyne was born on 4 July 1883 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. She was an actress, known for Born to Be Bad (1950), That's My Boy (1951) and I Love Lucy (1951). She was married to Robert Stuart Eschelman (aka vaudeville performer Donald Roberts). She died on 27 August 1966 in Van Nuys, California, USA.
- Writer
- Script and Continuity Department
Harvey F. Thew was born on 4 July 1883 in Vernon Center, Minnesota, USA. Harvey F. was a writer, known for Sporting Youth (1924), Love in the Desert (1929) and Song of the West (1930). Harvey F. was married to Vivienne S. Thew. Harvey F. died on 6 November 1946 in Los Angeles, California, USA.- Camera and Electrical Department
Jack Critchley was born on 4 July 1883 in Arizona, USA. Jack died on 15 November 1969 in California, USA.- Sound Department
William Hedgcock was born on 4 July 1883 in New York City, New York, USA. He is known for Saboteur (1942), The Invisible Man Returns (1940) and Son of Frankenstein (1939). He died on 29 September 1947 in Hollywood, California, USA.- Cinematographer
- Camera and Electrical Department
Georges Specht was born on 4 July 1883 in France. He was a cinematographer, known for L'inhumaine (1924), The Curse of Greed (1914) and La belle aux cheveux d'or (1916). He died on 9 December 1971 in France.- Actress
- Soundtrack
Pauline Carton was born on 4 July 1884 in Biarritz, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. She was an actress, known for The Longest Day (1962), Ce cochon de Morin (1932) and The New Testament (1936). She died on 17 June 1974 in Paris, France.- Jack Baxley was born on 4 July 1884 in Dallas, Texas, USA. He was an actor, known for The Kid from Gower Gulch (1950), Song of the Sierras (1946) and Gallant Lady (1942). He was married to Kay Deslys. He died on 10 December 1950 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Writer
- Producer
George W. Trendle was born on 4 July 1884. George W. was a writer and producer, known for The Green Hornet (2011), The Lone Ranger (1949) and The Green Hornet (1966). George W. died on 10 May 1972.- Actor
- Director
Harris Gordon was born on 4 July 1884 in Glenside, Pennsylvania, USA. He was an actor and director, known for The Mill on the Floss (1915), Why America Will Win (1918) and The Stolen Jewels (1915). He was married to Louise Bates and Kathryn Clark. He died on 31 March 1947 in Burbank, California, USA.