Advanced search
- TITLES
- NAMES
- COLLABORATIONS
Search filters
Enter full date
to
or just enter yyyy, or yyyy-mm below
to
Only includes names with the selected topics
to
or just enter yyyy, or yyyy-mm below
to
1-50 of 34,416
- Music Department
- Composer
- Writer
Hildegard von Bingen was born on 16 September 1098 in Bermersheim vor der Höhe, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. She was a composer and writer, known for Breath of God, Personal Shopper (2016) and A Beautiful Mind (2001). She died on 17 September 1179 in Bingen am Rhein, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.- Writer
- Art Department
Albrecht Dürer was born on 21 May 1471 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire [now Bavaria, Germany]. He was a writer, known for Knight, Death and the Devil (2023) and Unser Sandmännchen (1959). He died on 6 April 1528 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire [now Bavaria, Germany].- Composer
- Soundtrack
Martin Luther was born on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Mansfeld, Holy Roman Empire [now Saxony-Anhalt, Germany]. He was a composer, known for Gangs of New York (2002), Alias Nick Beal (1949) and Mitt folk är icke ditt (1944). He was married to Katherine Von Bora. He died on 18 February 1546 in Eisleben, Mansfeld, Holy Roman Empire [now Saxony-Anhalt, Germany].- Hans Sachs was born on 5 November 1494 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire [now Bavaria, Germany]. Hans was a writer, known for Aufruhr im Schlaraffenland (1957) and Katzen können kratzen (1989). Hans died on 19 January 1576 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire [now Bavaria, Germany].
- Music Department
Herman Finck was born on 21 March 1527 in Pirna, Saxony, Germany. Herman is known for BBC Proms (1972). Herman died on 28 December 1558 in Wittenberg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.- Music Department
- Soundtrack
Michael Praetorius was born on 15 February 1571 in Creuzburg, Saxe-Eisenach, Holy Roman Empire [now Thuringia, Germany]. Michael is known for Love Story (1970), The Hunt (2012) and Trace of Stones (1966). Michael died on 15 February 1621 in Wolfenbüttel, Lower Saxony, Germany.- German astronomer who discovered three major laws of planetary motion, conventionally designated as follows: (1) the planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus; (2) the time necessary to traverse any arc of a planetary orbit is proportional to the area of the sector between the central body and that arc (the "area law"); and (3) there is an exact relationship between the squares of the planets' periodic times and the cubes of the radii of their orbits (the "harmonic law"). Kepler himself did not call these discoveries "laws," as would become customary after Isaac Newton derived them from a new and quite different set of general physical principles. He regarded them as celestial harmonies that reflected God's design for the universe. Kepler's discoveries turned Nicolaus Copernicus's Sun-centred system into a dynamic universe, with the Sun actively pushing the planets around in noncircular orbits. And it was Kepler's notion of a physical astronomy that fixed a new problematic for other important 17th-century world-system builders, the most famous of whom was Newton.
- Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish artist and diplomat from the Duchy of Brabant in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium). He is considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradition. Rubens's highly charged compositions reference erudite aspects of classical and Christian history. His unique and immensely popular Baroque style emphasized movement, co-lour, and sensuality, which followed the immediate, dramatic artistic style promoted in the Counter-Reformation. Rubens was a painter producing altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. He was also a prolific designer of cartoons for the Flemish tapestry workshops and of frontispieces for the publishers in Antwerp.
- Music Department
- Composer
- Soundtrack
Heinrich Schütz was born on 8 October 1585 in Köstritz, Reuss, Holy Roman Empire [now Bad Köstritz, Thuringia, Germany]. Heinrich was a composer, known for Jessica Forever (2018), 13 Conversations About One Thing (2001) and Scream of Stone (1991). Heinrich died on 6 November 1672 in Dresden, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany].- Joost Van den Vondel was born on 17 November 1587 in Cologne, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany]. He was a writer, known for Adam in Ballingschap (1984), Gijsbrecht van Aemstel (1957) and Joseph in Dotan (1958). He died on 15 February 1679 in Amsterdam, Dutch Republic [now Noord-Holland, Netherlands].
- From 1653 to 1661 Leibniz attended the Nikolai School in Leipzig. His enormous hunger for knowledge became clear from an early age: as an eight-year-old, he used access to his father's library to teach himself the Latin language. In 1661, Leibniz began studying at the university in his hometown. In addition to studying philosophy and law, he studied mathematics, logic, physics and, throughout his life, alchemy. In 1666, Leibniz was forced to move to the University of Altdorf near Nuremberg: in Leipzig he was denied a doctorate due to his young age - he was just 20 years old. The following year, 1667, Leibniz received his doctorate brilliantly and was then offered a professorship.
Leibniz declined because he did not expect an academic career to provide enough opportunities for development. Instead, Leibniz published a treatise on legal reform ("Nova methodus socendae discendaeque jurisprudentiae") in the same year. First he took up a position as a diplomatic advisor to the Elector of Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn. He was sent to Paris in 1672 with a political mission: in order to divert France's power interests from Germany, Leibniz was supposed to persuade Louis XIV to attack Egypt - a mission that was unsuccessful. In 1675 he discovered the basics of differential calculus. From 1672 to 1676 Leibniz lived alternately in Paris and London. He trained primarily in mathematics and met many leading scholars of his time.
Leibniz had been a foreign member of the Paris "Academie des Sciences" since 1669, and in 1673 he also became a member of the London "Royal Society". A circumstance that he owed to extensive mathematical studies and the invention of a calculating machine for the four basic arithmetic operations. In 1676, Leibniz moved to Hanover, where he became a librarian and, in 1677, legal councilor to Duke Johann Friedrich. His mathematical interests initially took a backseat to this activity. However, with the founding of the "Acta eruditorum", a scientific journal, in 1682, he received and took advantage of the opportunity to regularly publish scientific research results. In 1685, Leibniz received the commission from Duke Ernst August of Hanover to write the history of the ruling dynasty of the Guelphs, a task which he fulfilled reluctantly but with his characteristic thoroughness. Ultimately, however, he did not finish the historical work.
In connection with this assignment, Leibniz also came to Rome, where he was offered to look after the Vatican Library. Since he would have had to become a Catholic, he refused. Instead, he took over the management of the library in Wolfenbüttel in 1691. In 1700, Leibniz became president of the Berlin "Society of Sciences", an institution that was founded at his instigation and with the support of the Hanoverian Princess Sophie Charlotte. Leibniz spent the years 1712 to 1714 in Vienna, where he was appointed Reichshofrat in 1713. Leibniz had also been a scientific advisor to the Russian Tsar Peter I since 1711.
Leibniz thus devoted a large part of his time to statesmanship, which deprived him of the time to write larger scientific works. He has three main works in the field of philosophy: "New Experiments on the Human Understanding" (1703), "Theodicy" (1710) and "Monadology" (1714). He also left behind an almost unmanageable amount of letters and magazine articles. Towards the end of his life there was a falling out with the court in Hanover, on the one hand because of the never-finished history of the Guelphs, but also because of the numerous trips that Leibniz undertook without official permission.
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz died on November 14, 1716 at the age of 70 in Hanover. No representatives of the court or civil servants attended his funeral. The German Research Foundation now awards the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prizes in his honor every year. - Princess Palatine Elizabeth Charlotte was born on 27 May 1652 in Heidelberg, Electoral Palatinate, Holy Roman Empire [now Baden-Württemberg, Germany]. She was a writer, known for I Am (2014). She died on 8 December 1722 in Saint-Cloud, Île-de-France, Kingdom of France [now Hauts-de-Seine, France].
- Music Department
- Composer
- Soundtrack
Johann Pachelbel was born on 1 September 1653 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany]. Johann was a composer, known for Dude, Where's My Car? (2000), Asteroid City (2023) and Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007). Johann died on 3 March 1706 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany].- Composer
- Music Department
- Soundtrack
Johann Georg Störl was born on 14 August 1675 in Kirchberg, Germany. Johann Georg was a composer, known for Så tuktas kärleken (1955), Kärlek (1952) and Bang! (1977). Johann Georg died on 26 July 1719 in Stuttgart, Germany.- Music Department
- Composer
- Soundtrack
Georg Philipp Telemann was born on 14 March 1681 in Magdeburg, Duchy of Magdeburg, Brandenburg-Prussia, Holy Roman Empire [now Saxony-Anhalt, Germany]. He was a composer, known for Hereditary (2018), Casanova (2005) and Equals (2015). He was married to Maria Textor and Amalie Eberlin. He died on 25 June 1767 in Hamburg, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany].- Music Department
- Composer
- Writer
Born February 23 1685 in Halle, Germany, he was christened "Georg Friederich Händel" but always signed his name "Georg Friedrich Händel". His father intended for him to go into law, but Händel studied music clandestinely and was eventually allowed to study under an organist. He achieved some success early on, and toured Italy in 1706. He briefly worked in Hannover before departing for London in 1711. While in England Händel composed a number of anthems, operas, and church music, and in 1723 he became a British citizen. He premiered "Messiah" in Ireland as a charity aid, and this quickly became his most famous work. He died early in the morning on 14 April 1759, and was buried in Westminster Abbey under a monument that reads: "George Frederic Handel". 3,000 people attended his funeral.- Music Department
- Composer
- Soundtrack
Johann Sebastian Bach was born on March 21, 1685, in Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany, into a large and distinguished family of professional musicians. His father, named Johann Ambrosius Bach, was a violinist and trumpeter, employed by the city of Eisenach. His uncles were church organists, court musicians and composers. His mother and father died before Bach was 10. As an orphan, he moved in with his eldest brother, J. C. Bach, an organist and composer, under whose tutelage Bach studied organ music as well as the construction and maintenance of the organ.
Education: At the age of 14, Bach received a scholarship and walked on foot 300 kilometers to the famous St. Michael's school in Luneburg, near Hamburg. There he lived and studied for 2 years from 1699-1701. It was there that he sang a Capella at the boys chorale. Bach's studies included organ, harpsichord, and singing. In addition he took the academic studies in theology, history and geography, and lessons of Latin, Italian, and French. Besides his studies of music by the local Nothern German composers, Bach had important exposure to the music of composers from other European nations; such as the French composers Jean-Baptiste Lully, Marais, and Marchand, the South German composers Johann Pachelbel and Froberger, and the Italians Arcangelo Corelli and Antonio Vivaldi.
Personality and character: Bach was 17 when he made a 4-month pilgrimage, walking on foot about 400 kilometers from Arnstadt to the Northern city of Lubeck. There he studied with 'Dietrich Buxtehude' and became so involved that he overstayed his leave by three months. Buxtehude being probably the best organist of his time became the living link between the founder of Baroque music Heinrich Schütz and the biggest Baroque genius, Bach. Back in Arnstadt, Bach wrote 'Toccata and Fugue in D Minor' (1702), his first masterpiece; which stemmed from his bold organ improvisations. At that time he was in love with his second cousin Maria Barbara; whom he was taking upstairs to the church organ, where her presence was inspirational for his creativity. Bach was punished for the violation of the restrictions on women's presence in the church and he was fired. However, he eventually married Maria Barbara.
Cross-cultural studies: Bach studied the orchestral music of Antonio Vivaldi and gained insight into his compositional language by arranging Vivaldi's concertos for organ. Six French suites were written for keyboard; each suite opens with 'Allemande' and consists of several pieces, including 'Courante', 'Sarabande', 'Menuet', 'Gavotte', 'Air', 'Anglaise', 'Polonaise', 'Bourree', and 'Gigue'. As suggested by their titles, the pieces were representing songs and dances from various cultures. From the music of the Italians Antonio Vivaldi, Arcangelo Corelli, and 'Giuseppe Torelli'; Bach adopted dramatic introductions and endings as well as vivacious rhythmical dynamism and elaborate harmonization. Bach also performed the music of English, French, and Italian composers; motets of the Venetian school, and incorporated their rhythmical patterns and textural structures in the development of his own style.
Teaching: Bach selected and instructed musicians for orchestras and choirs in Weimar and Leipzig. His work as a Cantor included teaching instrumental and vocal lessons to the church musicians and later to the musicians of the court orchestra. Bach was also a teacher of his own children and of his second wife. In 1730, Bach presented his second wife with a musical notebook for studies, known as the 'Notebook of Anna Magdalena Bach'. Compositions in the notebook were written in a form of minuete, polonaise, gavotte, march, rondeau, chorale, sonata, prelude, song, and aria; written mainly by Bach, as well as by his sons 'Carl Philip Emanuel Bach', Johann Christoph Bach, and composers 'Francois Couperin', Georg Bohm, and others.
Family: Bach married his second cousin, named Maria Barbara, who was the inspirational force for his early compositions. They had seven children, 4 of whom survived to adulthood. W. F. Bach, J. C. Bach, and C. P. E. Bach became composers. Maria Barbara died in 1720. On December 3, 1721, Bach married Anna Magdalena (bee Wilcke), a talented soprano, who was 17 years his junior. They had thirteen children. Bach fathered a total of 20 children with his two wives. His sons 'Friedemann Bach', Johann Christoph Bach, and 'Carl Philip Emanuel Bach' became important composers in the Rococo style. The descendants of Bach are living in many countries across the world.
Social activity: Bach replaced his friend Georg Philipp Telemann as the director of the popular orchestra known as Collegium Musicum, which he led from 1729-1750. It was a private secular music society that gave concert performances twice a week at the Zimmerman's Coffeehouse near the Leipzig market square. Bach's exposure to such a secular public environment inspired him to compose numerous purely entertainment pieces for solo keyboard and several violin and harpsichord concertos.
Politics: Being the undisputed musical genius, Bach still suffered from ugly political machinations. Although the Leipzig Council had enough money, they never honored the promised salary of 1000 talers a year; promised to Bach by the Mayor of Leipzig, Gottlieb Lange, at the hiring interview. Bach worked diligently, in spite of being underpaid for 27 years until his death. On top of that local political factions in the Leipzig Council manipulated Bach's educational work as well as his compositions and public performances. They were pressuring him as the Cantor and Composer and interfering his creative efforts by imposing restrictions on his performances because of their ugly political games. Bach prevailed as he composed and played his "Mass in B Minor" to the monarch of Saxony and was appointed the Royal Court Composer of Saxony.
King Frederick the Great invited Bach to Potsdam in 1747. There the king played his own theme for Bach and challenged the composer to improvise on it. Bach used the 'royal theme' and improvised a three-part fugue on the king's piano. Later Bach upgraded the king's theme to a more sophisticated melody, and composed an array of pieces based on the improved 'royal theme', which he titled "Musical Offering" and later presented this composition to the king.
Legacy: Bach wrote over eleven hundred music compositions in all genres. In Leipzig alone he wrote a cantata for every Sunday and feast day of the year, of which 224 cantatas survive. Some of his compositions were written on the same theme at different times in his life, like choral cantatas and organ works on similar themes with significantly reworked arrangements. The complete list of Bach's works, BWV, has 1127 compositions for voice, organ, harpsichord, violin, cello, flute, chamber music for small ensembles, orchestral music, concertos for violin and orchestra, and for keyboard and orchestra. His music became the essential part of the education for every musician. Bach influenced such great composers as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Felix Mendelssohn, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Sergei Prokofiev and many other prominent musicians.
Bach is by far the most performed and recorded composer in history. His 'Das Wohltemperierte Clavier' (The well-tempered keyboard, or The well-tuned piano, in modern terminology) is the definitive work for all students as well as concert musicians. Bach's 'Orgebuchlein' (The little organ book) is a staple in the repertoire of organists and pianists, and some pieces from it were arranged for ensembles. Bach's many chorales, especially the "Mass in B Minor" are considered the best works in the genre. His last work 'The Art of Fugue' is best known for it's acclaimed performance by Glenn Gould. Bach's music was used in hundreds of films, thousands of stage productions, and continues being played all over the world.
The definitive biography of J. S. Bach was written by the Nobel Prize Laureate Albert Schweitzer.- Anna Magdalena Bach was born on 22 September 1701 in Zeitz, Germany. She died on 22 February 1760 in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany.
- Frederick the Great was born on 24 January 1712 in Berlin, Germany. He died on 17 August 1786 in Potsdam, Germany.
- Soundtrack
Friedrich der Große was born on 24 January 1712 in Berlin, Prussia, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany]. He died on 17 August 1786 in Schloss Sanssouci, Potsdam, Prussia [now Brandenburg, Germany].- Music Department
- Composer
- Soundtrack
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach was born on 8 March 1714 in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar, Holy Roman Empire [now Thuringia, Germany]. Carl Philipp Emanuel was a composer, known for Paris (2008), Después del sueño (1992) and Wuthering Heights (2011). Carl Philipp Emanuel was married to Johanna Dannemann. Carl Philipp Emanuel died on 14 December 1788 in Hamburg, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany].- Music Department
- Soundtrack
Young Gluck was a singer in a church choir and thus decided to study music in Prague although his parents wanted him to work in the forest. Having to earn his own money he worked as a part-time musician and finished his studies in Milan where he wrote his first Italian style opera. Impressing the audience he was invited to London where he had first contact with the music of George Frideric Handel. In 1752, he finally accepted a job at a theatre in Vienna, but continued composing operas and ballets for clients in Paris.- Soundtrack
Leopold Mozart was born on 14 November 1719 in Augsburg, Holy Roman Empire [now Bavaria, Germany]. He was married to Anna Maria Pertl. He died on 28 May 1787 in Salzburg, Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg, Holy Roman Empire [now Salzburg, Austria].- Friedrich G. Klopstock was born on 2 July 1724 in Quedlinburg, Holy Roman Empire [now Saxony-Anhalt, Germany]. He was a writer, known for Satana (1912) and Prestige de la musique (1963). He was married to Johanna Elisabeth von Winthem and Margareta Moller. He died on 14 March 1803 in Hamburg, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany].
- Son of a vicar. Studied theology, philosophy and medicine. First writings 1747 (poems, stories and first dramas). Moved to Berlin 1748 to live as a critic for the Berlinische Privelegierte Zeitung. Writer of famous plays including Nathan, der Weise (1779) and Minna von Barnhelm (1767).
- Johann Andreas Schachtner was born on 9 March 1731 in Dingolfing, Electorate of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire [now Bavaria, Germany]. Johann Andreas was a writer, known for Zaida (1965) and Mozart: Zaide (2008). Johann Andreas died on 20 July 1795 in Salzburg, Archbishopric of Salzburg, Holy Roman Empire [now Salzburg, Austria].
- Christoph Martin Wieland, a famous German author of the literary enlightenment, was born in Oberholzheim, now Biberach, in South Germany. After education in several schools, mainly religious, he moved to Switzerland as the assistant of Bodmer, another famous author. After short stays again in Biberach and as a professor on the university of Erfurt he went to Weimar, where the duchess, Anna Amalia, assembled many of the greatest thinkers of her time, beside Wieland for example Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich von Schiller. Wieland died 1813 in Weimar. Wieland is best known for his novels, which established the genre in German literature. Beside these he wrote many epic poems, translated a lot of foreign literature into German and was the editor of the "Merkur", the leading magazine of his time.
- Frederick William Herschel KH, FRS (German: Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel; 15 November 1738 - 25 August 1822) was a German-born British astronomer and composer. He frequently collaborated with his younger sister and fellow astronomer Caroline Herschel (1750-1848). Born in the Electorate of Hanover, William Herschel followed his father into the military band of Hanover, before emigrating to Great Britain in 1757 at the age of nineteen.
- Music Department
- Soundtrack
Johann Martini was born on 1 September 1741 in Freystadt, Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire [now Bavaria, Germany]. Johann is known for Best Seller (1987), The Butcher (1970) and We're No Angels (1955). Johann died on 10 February 1816 in Paris, France.- Queen Charlotte was born on 19 May 1744 in Mirow, Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Holy Roman Empire [now Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany]. She was married to George III. She died on 17 November 1818 in Kew, Richmond upon Thames, London, England, UK.
- Gottfried August Bürger was born on 31 December 1747 in Molmerswende, Halberstadt, Prussia, Holy Roman Empire [now Saxony-Anhalt, Germany]. He was a writer, known for The Fabulous Baron Munchausen (1962), Monsieur de Crac (1912) and The Hallucinations of Baron Munchausen (1911). He died on 8 June 1794 in Göttingen, Brunswick-Lüneburg, Holy Roman Empire [now Lower Saxony, Germany].
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Christoph Friedrich Bretzner was born on 10 December 1748 in Leipzig, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany]. He was a writer, known for Great Performances (1971), Die Entführung aus dem Serail (1969) and L'enlèvement au sérail (1962). He died on 31 August 1807 in Leipzig, Saxony [now Germany].- Writer
- Music Department
- Soundtrack
Johann Wolfgang Goethe was born on 28 August 1749 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany as son of a lawyer. After growing up in a privileged upper middle class family, he studied law in Leipzig from 1765 to 1768, although he was more interested in literature. As he was seriously ill, he had to interrupt his studies, but finally graduated in Strassburg with a degree in law. In the following years, his novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther" (1774) became one of the first bestsellers, making him a key author in the "Sturm und Drang" (Storm and Stress) movement. In 1775, he settled down in Weimar, being the Duke's adviser and writing popular dramas such as "Egmont" or "Torquato Tasso". One of his life's important milestones was the Italian Journey from 1786 and 1788, where he discovered his interest in Greek and Roman classicism. After his return to Germany, he began the "Weimar Classicism" movement with his good friend Friedrich Schiller, concentrating on poems and dramas such as his best known work "Faust", which he published in two parts (1808/1832). Beside his literary work, he contributed many interesting theories to sciences, making him Germany's leading polymath in that period. On 22 March 1832, he died in Weimar, the town he had lived for more than fifty years.- Writer
- Soundtrack
Born Emanuel Johann Joseph Schikaneder to domestic servants, he was educated in Regensburg (where his mother had moved the family after her husband's death), and earned money for the family as a street musician. In 1773, he joined a traveling theatrical troupe, where he learned the ropes as an actor, singer, composer, producer, and playwright. In 1775, he debuted his first work "Singspiel Die Lyranten" in Innsbruck, which was a success. Not a year after he and his wife Eleonore, an actress, joined another troupe, Schikaneder bought the troupe for 2,000 Gulden, and befriended the Mozart family soon after arriving in Salzburg in 1780.
In May 1789, he arrived at the Theater auf der Wieden in Vienna at the invite of his wife, whose troupe, which she ran with her now-deceased lover, was in residence at the Theater (not exactly above reproach, either, Schikaneder fathered at least two children by two different women during his marriage). The couple combined their two companies (hers included Mozart's sister-in-law), and enjoyed a string of successes. As implied in the film "Amadeus", Schikaneder staged grand productions geared toward the general public, but the film ignores that he was one of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's best friends and the librettist of "Die Zauberflöte", in which he played Papageno 223 times.
On June 13, 1801, Schikaneder opened the Theater an der Wien, which still stands. On November 20, 1805, he debuted Ludwig van Beethoven's first and only opera, "Fidelio". However, his audiences became increasingly sophisticated, and he was unable to duplicate the success of "Die Zauberflöte". He died on September 21, 1812 in Vienna.
In 2016, Stephen Schwartz's and Christian Struppeck's musical "Schikaneder", directed by Trevor Nunn - based on the premise that "Die Zauberflöte" sprang from Schikaneder's tumultuous relationship with Eleonore - debuted in Vienna.- Christian Heinrich Spieß was born on 4 April 1755 in Freiberg, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany]. Christian Heinrich was a writer, known for Das schöne irre Judenmädchen (1984). Christian Heinrich died on 17 August 1799 in Besdiekau, Bohemia, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire [now Bezdekov u Klatovy, Czech Republic].
- Hahnemann grew up in poor circumstances. Thanks to a scholarship, the talented boy was able to attend secondary school. He devoted himself to the writings of Hippocrates and other founders of the medical art. In 1775, Hahnemann began studying medicine in Leipzig, and two years later he moved to the University of Vienna. In 1779 he completed his studies with a doctorate in Erlangen. In 1782, Hahnemann married the pharmacist Johanne Leopoldine Henriette Küchler, with whom they had eleven children. His wife died in 1830. From 1785 to 1789, Hahnemann was responsible for managing the hospitals as deputy of the city physicist in Dresden. In 1789 the family settled in Leipzig. Hahnemann had now retired from practicing medicine to devote himself entirely to writing and translating medical writings.
In 1790, after reading a medical book and conducting a self-experiment with cinchona, he discovered the "rule of similarity" as the principle of action of natural medicines that cause disease symptoms in healthy people that are analogous to those experienced by the sick person for whom they have a healing effect. In self-experimentation, the cinchona bark used against intermittent fever caused the same symptoms of intermittent fever in healthy Hahnemann. The experiment is considered to be the birth of homeopathy, whose principle of action "similia similibus curentur" ("Similar ailments can be cured by similar means") was only published by Hahnemann in 1796 after repeated experiments and observations. Accordingly, the homeopathic medicine is used in low concentrations against the diseases that the remedy would cause in high doses.
He then began practicing as a doctor again in order to further develop the new method. Hahnemann made the discovery that the healing effect of medicines was inversely related to their dilution, which led him to develop another basic principle of homeopathy. In 1801, Hahnemann drew attention to himself with his work "Healing and Prevention of Scarlet Fever". Further writings such as his main work "Organon of Rational Medicine" (1810) and the work "Pure Medicine" (1811) followed. Although Hahnemann's new healing methods caused considerable discontent in the learned medical world, he was able to work as a lecturer in pharmacology at the University of Leipzig from 1811 to 1821.
At the invitation of Prince Ferdinand of Anhalt-Köthen, the family settled in Köthen in 1821, where Hahnemann lived until 1835 and published, among other things, the work "The Chronic Illnesses" (1928). After the death of his first wife (1830), Hahnemann married Melanie d''Hervilly at the beginning of 1835, with whom he settled in Paris. The alternative practitioner opened a thriving practice in the French capital. Between 1841 and 1843, Hahnemann wrote the sixth and final edition of the "Organon", which was only published posthumously with the LM potencies and is now considered a standard work of early homeopathy.
Samuel Hahnemann died on July 2, 1843 in Paris. - Writer
- Soundtrack
Friedrich Schiller was born on Nov. 10, 1759, in Marbach, Germany. His father was an army doctor. Growing up in a very poor environment, Schiller eventually managed to get the support of a wealthy duke that enabled him to study medicine. He served as a military doctor first, but through the efforts of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe he finally went to Jena and Weimar, where he died on the May 9, 1805.
Schiller is an important German author of his time, most famous for his stage plays. They were highly acclaimed--and mostly forbidden, because of their contents. His first big work, "Die Räuber", dealt with the revolt of sons against their parents and environment, a very modern topic for the time and one that was not accepted in many regions of Germany. Overall, though, he is underrated as an author due to the fact that he lived and wrote in the same time as Goethe: Schiller is considered to be a good writer, but not as brilliant as Goethe.- August von Kotzebue was born on 3 May 1761 in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Holy Roman Empire [now Thuringia, Germany]. August was a writer, known for Die Stricknadeln (1916), Der Wirrwarr (1919) and Papas Knoten (1918). August died on 23 March 1819 in Mannheim, Baden [now Baden-Württemberg, Germany].
- Writer
- Additional Crew
- Soundtrack
August Wilhelm von Schlegel was born on 8 September 1767 in Hanover, Brunswick-Lüneburg, Holy Roman Empire [now Lower Saxony, Germany]. August Wilhelm was a writer, known for Dantes mysterier (1931), König Richard III (1964) and König Richard II (1968). August Wilhelm died on 12 May 1845 in Bonn, Rhine Province, Prussia [now Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany].- Johann Friedrich Kind was born on 4 March 1768 in Leipzig, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire [now Saxony, Germany]. Johann Friedrich was a writer, known for Der Freischütz (1968), Der Freischütz (2015) and Hunter's Bride (2010). Johann Friedrich died on 25 June 1843 in Dresden, Saxony [now Germany].
- Hölderlin grew up in a pietistic family environment. From 1784 to 1788 he was a student at the monastery schools in Denkendorf and Maulbronn. He then studied philosophy and theology at the Tübingen monastery. There he met Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling, with whom he temporarily shared a room. In 1790 he founded a poets' association with Christian Ludwig Neuffer and Rudolf Magenau. In the Tübingen monastery, the ideas of the French Revolution were enthusiastically received, just as the political and theological situation in the country was met with rejection. During his time at the monastery, Hölderlin studied the works of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz, Plato, Friedrich Schiller, Benedictus de Spinoza and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, which strongly influenced his thinking.
In 1790, Hölderlin received his doctorate in philosophy. In 1793 he completed his consistory examination. Nevertheless, he did not choose the spiritual profession because being a writer was closer to his heart. In order to realize this, he took on a number of court master positions to earn a living. Friedrich Schiller gave him a position as court master with the von Kalb family in Waltershausen, which Hölderlin held from 1793 to 1795. He then moved to Jena and attended lectures by the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte. From 1796 to 1798 he was court master for the Frankfurt banking family Jakob Friedrich Gontard. Hölderlin fell in love with the banker's wife, Susette Gontard. She found her way into Hölderlin's poetry as Diotima. This period was the most productive in the poet's life.
When an argument with the banker arose because of his affection for Susette Gontard, Hölderlin left Frankfurt and went to Homburg. There he stayed with his friend Isaac von Sinclair, the highest official in the county, from 1798 to 1800. He then stayed briefly in Stuttgart and Nürtingen and then in 1801 took on two more court master positions in Hauptwil in Switzerland and in Bordeaux in France. In 1802 he returned to Germany. The first signs of Hölderlin's mental illness became noticeable. During a period of improvement, larger poems were written. Isaak von Sinclair got him a job as a librarian in Homburg. In 1806 his health deteriorated significantly and the poet had to go to a clinic in Tübingen for treatment.
The following year he was discharged as incurable. Hölderlin had become in need of care. Master carpenter Ernst Zimmer from Tübingen took over the care of the patient. The poet lived with him in a tower-like annex for 36 years in mental confusion. During his lifetime, Hölderlin only published the Sophocles translation, a few lyrical works and the novel "Hyperion or the Hermit in Greece (1797-1799). Due to the few publications, he remained largely unknown to his contemporaries. Hölderlin's view of the comprehensive unity of life as a contrast to the disunity of the present. For this ideal of man and society he chose ancient Greece, which he elevated to the future age with divine unity.
The poet tried to regain the loss of unity through human reflection through his poetry. In his work, pantheism and Christian doctrine confront each other, the synthesis of which the poet was no longer able to carry out in detail due to his illness. But Hölderlin also dealt strongly with this unity and wholeness of man, nature and gods in his lyrical works. Hölderlin's lyrical expression was based on ancient models. In lyrical development, his path led from various formal and metrical experiments through odes and elegies to hymns, which he created in free rhythms and thus the influence of Pindar became noticeable. Particularly in his hymns, Hölderlin represented the view of the poet as a mediator between the absolute and man.
The utopian idea of unity in the early hymns returned in the later works. In his odes, Hölderlin preferred to use the Alkaean and Asclepiadean verses. - Music Department
- Composer
- Additional Crew
Beethoven was the child of a Flamian musician family and became a member of the electoral orchestra of Bonn in 1783. In 1787 he studied at Mozart's in Vienna and in 1792 he moved all to Vienna becoming a student of Joseph Haydn. The Vienna High Society loved him as a piano player as well as as composer. In 1802 his deafness became serious making Beethoven a real eccentric until his death in 1827.- Novalis was born on 2 May 1772 in Schloss Oberwiederstedt, Harz Mountains, Saxony [now Germany]. Novalis was a writer, known for Die Nacht (1985), Karanliga Övgüler (2016) and Novalis - Walzer (1983). Novalis died on 25 March 1801 in Weißenfels, Saxony [now Germany].
- Ludwig Tieck was born on 31 May 1773 in Berlin, Prussia, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany]. He was a writer, known for Des Lebens Überfluss (1950), Leonor (1975) and Spannende Geschichten (1978). He died on 28 April 1853 in Berlin, Prussia [now Germany].
- Friedrich Wilhelm von Schelling was born on 27 January 1775 in Leonberg, Duchy of Württemberg, Holy Roman Empire [now Baden-Württemberg, Germany]. He was a writer, known for Hölderlin-Comics (1994). He died on 20 August 1854 in Ragaz, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Georg Friedrich Treitschke was born on 29 August 1776 in Leipzig, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany]. He was a writer, known for Fidelio (1968), The Metropolitan Opera Presents (1977) and Beethoven: Fidelio (2020). He died on 4 June 1842 in Vienna, Austrian Empire [now Austria].
- Friedrich de La Motte was born on 12 February 1777 in Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg, Prussia, Holy Roman Empire [now Germany]. He was a writer, known for Nixenzauber (1918), Undine (1916) and Undine (1912). He died on 23 January 1843 in Berlin, Prussia [now Germany].
- Heinrich Zschokke was born on 22 March 1777 in Magdeburg, Duchy of Magdeburg, Kingdom of Prussia, Holy Roman Empire [now Saxony-Anhalt, Germany]. Heinrich was a writer, known for Die kriegerischen Abenteuer eines Friedfertigen (1991) and Jungfer Miras Mirakel (1986). Heinrich died on 27 June 1848 in Aarau, Switzerland.
- Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 1777 - 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science. Sometimes referred to as the Princeps mathematicorum (Latin for '"the foremost of mathematicians"') and "the greatest mathematician since antiquity", Gauss had an exceptional influence in many fields of mathematics and science, and is ranked among history's most influential mathematicians
- Heinrich von Kleist was born on the 18th of October, 1777 in Frankfurt/Oder (Germany) as the son of a priest. His father died when Heinrich was 11 so he had to earn some money early. He managed to go to the High School until 15, but was forced then to join the Prussian army in their war in the west. He climbed up the ranks until he was lieutenant, but quit then in 1799 and studied philosophy, physics, mathematics and political sciences in the town where he was born. After stays at Weimar (where Kleist met Wieland, Goethe and Schiller, other famous writers of his time), he finally entered the Prussian state as a secretary. His writings were no success at all, political life was not satisfying, and his girlfriend was ill, going to die- after all, he decided to go with her. They both met their death together, using a gun on the 21st of November, 1811 (Kleist was, as you can see, only 34). It is rather difficult to describe Kleist's role in German literature. He wrote immortal pieces of literature, such as "Prinz Friedrich von Homburg". But especially this stage play, for which he is best known, was often used as a nationalist piece of propaganda. Kleist does not belong to any literary epoch at all, but stays between the Romantik, the Klassik and the upcoming Realismus. Often underrated, Kleist was a walker between the lines. Seen in this context, his death is nothing but consequent.