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1-50 of 172
- J.T. MacMillan was born on 1 January 1859 in Glasgow, Scotland, UK. He was an actor, known for The Croxley Master (1921). He died in 1927 in Lambeth, London, England, UK.
- Karel Václav Rais was born on 4 January 1859 in Lázne Belohrad, Bohemia, Austria [now Czech Republic]. He was a writer, known for Pantáta Bezousek (1927), Zapadlí vlastenci (1932) and Pantáta Bezousek (1941). He was married to Marie Hrozna. He died on 8 July 1926 in Prague, Czechoslovakia [now Czech Republic].
- A triple threat actor-writer-singer, Henry E. Dixey became a major Broadway star in the play (written by longtime friend and associate, Edward E. Rice), "Adonis" in which portrayed a marble statue that comes to life. With his ripped physique, the production became a sensation and ran for a then-record 603 performances at the Bijou Theatre. Dixey would go on to star in the road production for years in addition to starring or producing 33 individual Broadway productions. He would only appear in a very small number of films that were shot in New York and retire at age 67 in mid-1926. Shortly after his 84th birthday he was killed by a city bus in Atlantic City.
- Hugh Rodman was born on 6 January 1859 in Kentucky, USA. He was married to Elizabeth Sayre. He died on 7 June 1940 in Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
- Josephine Crowell was a Canadian-born character actress. She appeared in vaudeville as early as 1879. On screen, she is best remembered for her dramatic portrayal of the mother in D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915), her comedic performances in Harold Lloyd's Speedy (1928) and Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy's Wrong Again (1929). She also played a succession of queens and princesses in such films as Main Street (1923), Mantrap (1926), The King of Kings (1927) and The Man Who Laughs (1928).
- Mévisto was born on 11 January 1859 in Paris, France. He was an actor, known for Protéa (1913), Germinal; or, The Toll of Labor (1913) and Le masque de l'amour (1918). He died on 4 January 1927 in Paris, France.
- George Nathaniel Curzon was born on 11 January 1859 in Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire, England, UK. He was married to Grace Elvina Hinds and Mary Victoria Leiter. He died on 20 March 1925 in 1 Carlton House Terrace, London, England, UK.
- Josef Wanderer was born on 13 January 1859 in Prague, Austrian Empire [now Czech Republic]. He was an actor, known for Batalion (1927) and Josef Kajetán Tyl (1926). He died on 11 March 1928 in Prague, Czechoslovakia [now Czech Republic].
- Ede Hatvani was born on 15 January 1859 in Csongrád, Austria-Hungary [now Hungary]. He was an actor, known for A Csöppség (1919) and Midas király (1919). He died on 30 May 1927 in Budapest, Hungary.
- Gilbert Clayton was born on 18 January 1859 in Polo, Illinois, USA. He was an actor, known for Blood and Sand (1922), The Silver Treasure (1926) and Main Street (1923). He was married to Josephine. He died on 1 March 1950 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Actor
- Director
- Producer
Gyula Zilahi was born on 22 January 1859 in Zilah, Hungary [now Zalau, Romania]. He was an actor and director, known for Örház a Kárpátokban (1914), A becsapott újságíró (1915) and Tutyu és Totyó (1915). He was married to Singhoffer, Vilma. He died on 16 May 1938 in Budapest, Hungary.- Director
- Actor
Martinius Nielsen was born on 23 January 1859 in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was a director and actor, known for Midnatssjælen (1917), Lykketyven (1918) and Prinsens Kærlighed (1919). He was married to Oda Nielsen. He died on 10 July 1928 in Fredensborg, Denmark.- Kaiser William II was born on January 27, 1859 to a Prince and Princess of Prussia. His mother was the daughter of Queen Victoria. He grew up like any Prussian Prince, except for an arm that was deformed from birth. He admired his grandparents who became Kaiser and Empress when he was small. He also admired his English Grandmother Queen Victoria as well as Otto von Bismarck. During his formative years he had to deal with having brothers and sisters. His brother Henry even got married to their cousin Irene (their Aunt Alice's daughter). Because of the attention his parents gave to his arm he grew to detest them.
When William was in his late teens he fell in love with his cousin (the daughter of his Aunt Alice) but she did not love him and got married to Grand Duke Serge of Russia. A few years later he got married to a granddaughter of his grandmother's half-sister. They had several children. In 1888 when his father died he raided his desk to find anything that may have incriminated his father in something, but all that was found was papers about how bad he had been in his life. He was with his grandmother Queen Victoria when she died in 1901. Later that year he lost his mother as well. He did the same thing to his mother that he did with his father with the same results. Vickie had given all her papers to the British ambassador to Berlin a few days before she died.
After his mother died he continued to rule Germany in a back handed manner, and did not like the fact that his Uncle Edward was more powerful than he was. He did not like the fact that he was part of starting World War One because it pitted him against cousins, aunts, and uncles all over Europe and the Americas. His response to his cousin changing their last name to Windsor was that he would like to see the Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha. After the war he had to give up his throne and he went to the Netherlands, where after the death of his first wife he married a second. He stayed married to his second wife till he died at the age of 82 in 1941. - Frederick Paulding was born on 27 January 1859 in West Point, New York, USA. He was a writer, known for Trooper Billy (1913). He died on 7 September 1937 in Rutherford, New Jersey, USA.
- Marie Montbazon was born on 29 January 1859 in Avignon, Vaucluse, France. She was an actress, known for Miarka, the Child of the Bear (1920), La maison vide (1921) and Les Roquevillard (1922). She died on 18 October 1922 in Paris, France.
- Music Department
- Writer
- Composer
Every professional recording artist today owes their livelihood to some degree to Victor Herbert. Working closely with John Philip Sousa, Irving Berlin and others, he was the driving force in founding the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) on February 13, 1914. He became its vice-president and director until his death in 1924. The organization has historically worked to protect the rights of creative musicians and continues to do this work today. In 1917, Herbert won a landmark lawsuit before the United States Supreme Court that gave composers, through ASCAP, a right to charge performance fees for the public performance of their music. Herbert was born in Dublin, Ireland to Protestants Edward Herbert (d. 1861) and Fanny Herbert (née Lover). At age three and a half, shortly after the death of his father, young Herbert and his mother moved to live with his maternal grandparents in London, England, where he received encouragement in his creative endeavours. His grandfather was the Irish novelist, playwright, poet and composer Samuel Lover. The Lovers welcomed a steady flow of musicians, writers and artists to their home. Herbert joined his mother in Stuttgart, Germany in 1867, a year after she had married a German physician, Carl Schmidt of Langenargen. In Stuttgart, he received a strong liberal education at the Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, which included musical training. Herbert had ambitions to become a physician himself, but medical education in Germany was prohibitively expensive and he fell back on his first real interest as a child, music. Initially studying the piano, flute and piccolo, he ultimately settled on the cello, beginning studies on that instrument with Bernhard Cossmann from age 15 to 18. Herbert then attended the Stuttgart Conservatory. After studying cello, music theory and composition under Max Seifritz, Herbert graduated with a diploma in 1879. He was engaged professionally as a player in concerts in Stuttgart. His first orchestra position was as a flute and piccolo player, but he soon turned solely to the cello. By the time he was 19, Herbert had received engagements as a soloist with several major German orchestras. He played in the orchestra of the wealthy Russian Baron Paul von Derwies for a few years and, in 1880, was a soloist for a year in the orchestra of Eduard Strauss in Vienna. Herbert joined the court orchestra in Stuttgart in 1881, where he remained for the next five years. There he composed his first pieces of instrumental music, playing the solos in the premieres of his first two large-scale works, the Suite for cello and orchestra, Op. 3 (1893) and the Cello Concerto No. 1, Op. 8. In 1883, Herbert was selected by Johannes Brahms to play in a chamber orchestra for the celebration of the life of Franz Liszt, then 72 years old, near Zurich. In 1885 Herbert became romantically involved with Therese Förster (1861-1927), a soprano who had recently joined the court opera for which the court orchestra played. Förster sang several leading roles at the Stuttgart Opera in 1885 through the summer of 1886. After a year of courtship, the couple married on August 14, 1886. On October 24, 1886, they moved to the United States, as they both had been hired by Walter Damrosch and Anton Seidl to join the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. Herbert was engaged as the opera orchestra's principal cellist, and Förster was engaged to sing principal roles with the Met. During the voyage to America, Herbert and his wife became friends with their fellow passenger and future conductor at the Metropolitan Opera, Anton Seidl, and other singers joining the Met.
Herbert was a prolific composer, producing two operas, one cantata, 43 operettas, incidental music to 10 stage productions, 31 compositions for orchestra, nine band compositions, nine cello compositions, five violin compositions with piano or orchestra, 22 piano compositions, one flute and clarinet duet with orchestra, numerous songs, including many for the Ziegfeld Follies, and other works, 12 choral compositions, and numerous orchestrations of works by other composers, among other compositions. Some of his best-known works were created for Broadway working with the even more prolific librettist Harry B. Smith. Many of his Broadway productions, such as The Red Mill (1906), Sweethearts (1913), Sally (1920) and Orange Blossoms (1921) were major hits, while others, such as When Sweet Sixteen (1911) were financial disasters. Herbert also composed The Fall of a Nation (1916), one of the first original orchestral scores for a full-length film (a credit often erroneously given to Max Steiner while working for Radio Pictures in the 1930's). The score was thought to be lost, but it turned up in the film-music collection of the Library of Congress. It was given a recording in 1987. During the last years of his career, was frequently asked to compose ballet music for the elaborate production numbers in Broadway revues and the shows of Irving Berlin and Jerome Kern, among others. Throughout his career he was regarded as extremely unpretentious and supportive of his peers. He was also a contributor to the Ziegfeld Follies every year from 1917 to 1924 (see 'Other Works').
As a composer, Herbert is chiefly remembered for his operettas. Of his instrumental works, only a few remained consistently within the concert repertoire after Herbert's death in 1924. However, some of his forgotten works have enjoyed a resurgence of popularity within the last few decades. A statue of him commissioned by ASCAP, by sculptor Edmund Thomas Quinn (1868-1929) was dedicated in 1927 still stands in New York City's Central Park.- After his school days, Hugo Junkers studied in Charlottenburg, Karlsruhe and Aachen at the technical universities there. In 1883 he passed his examination to become a construction manager. He then worked as a designer for various companies. In 1888 he moved to the Continental company in Dessau. Together with Wilhelm Oechelhäuser, he founded the "experimental station for gas engines". In 1892, the development of the first two-stroke opposed-piston gas engine was completed and production began. In the same year he patented his invention of the calorimeter, a device for determining gas heating values. In 1894 he invented the first gas bath heater. Hugo Junkers founded his own company called "Junkers & Co" in Dessau in 1895, where he manufactured gas appliances. From 1897 to 1912 he was professor of thermal engineering and thermodynamics at the Aachen University of Technology. In 1898 he married Therese Bennhold from Dessau. A total of twelve children were born from this union. In 1902 he founded a research laboratory in Aachen where he worked on oil engines. Junkers further developed the heavy oil aircraft engine to operational readiness.
From 1909 he concentrated on building aircraft. The following year he patented a new type of wing that he had developed. The special feature of the cantilevered large wing is the use of its interior space. In 1913 he founded the company "Junkers Motorenbau GmbH". In 1915, Hugo Junkers succeeded in building the first all-metal aircraft under the name J 1. According to the wishes of the Supreme Army Command "OHL", the Junkers works worked with the Dutch fighter designer and aviator Anthony H. G. Fokker to build an all-metal military aircraft. After the First World War, Hugo Junkers founded "Junkers-Flugzeugwerke AG" in Dessau. After the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was banned from building aircraft and aircraft engines for a period of six months. Junkers wanted to get around this by outsourcing its production to Russia and Sweden. In the same year the F 13, an all-metal aircraft, was built. It is significant for having got German commercial aviation going. In the next few years, Hugo Junkers produced numerous aircraft models under the names W 33, G 24, G 31 or G 38.
The W33 made the first east-west crossing of the Atlantic in 1928. From that year onwards, the legendary Ju 52, also affectionately known as the Aunt Ju, was manufactured. By the 1940s, the machine had become the most frequently built aircraft in the world. In 1921, Hugo Junkers founded the "Air Transport Department of the Junkerswerke" to regulate domestic air traffic. In 1926, "Junkers Luftverkehr AG" was merged into "Deutsche Lufthansa". In 1923, the aircraft manufacturer founded the company "Junkers Motorenbau GmbH" in Dessau. In the same year, aircraft manufacturing operations were opened in Fili near Moscow. Economic connections to the Bauhaus in Dessau developed and with them a friendly relationship with the Bauhaus architect Walter Gropius. In 1933, the year the National Socialists came to power, Junkers had to hand over his patents and his shares in his companies to the Third Reich under pressure from the Nazi regime. He then withdrew into private life and devoted himself to research into the construction of high-rise buildings made of metal. During the Second World War, the Junkers factory developed into the largest forge of military aircraft. Among other things, the legendary Ju 88 dive bomber (Stuka) was built here.
Hugo Junkers died on February 3, 1935 in Gauting near Munich. - Actor
- Soundtrack
Gus Leonard was born on 4 February 1859 in Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. He was an actor, known for Wurra-Wurra (1916), Her Reputation (1923) and The Girl I Loved (1923). He died on 27 March 1939 in Los Angeles, California, USA.- Music Department
- Soundtrack
Giovanni Capurro was born on 5 February 1859 in Naples, Campania, Italy. Giovanni is known for The Hangover (2009), Grumpier Old Men (1995) and The Addams Family (1991). Giovanni died on 18 January 1920 in Naples, Campania, Italy.- Elias Disney was born on 6 February 1859 in Bluevale, Ontario, Canada. He was married to Flora Disney. He died on 13 September 1941 in Hollywood, California, USA.
- Director
- Writer
- Cinematographer
Alexander Black was an American author, photographer and newspaperman born in New York City, the eldest child of Peter Black and Sarah MacCrae, both born in Scotland. After a grammar school education and teaching himself printmaking, he began his career as a newspaperman in Brooklyn and stenographer for Brooklyn courts, alongside freelance writing and photography. In 1886 he became the first president of the department of photography at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. He presented a magic lantern show of candid photography called "Life through a Detective Camera" (alternately titled "Ourselves as Others See Us") in 1889. Inspired by audience responses to these lectures, as well as emerging work by Eadweard Muybridge capturing the effect of motion in photography, Black began to develop a plan to bring fiction to life through dissolving slides. Over the summer of 1894, he wrote and photographed his first "Picture Play" titled Miss Jerry (1894). The finished work debuted before a live audience on October 9, 1894 at Carbon Studio, featuring a "slow movie" composed of over one hundred glass slide photographs of posed motion, accompanied by a feature-length script. Miss Jerry was well received at the time, and Black went on to create and tour with two more Picture Plays, A Capital Courtship (1896) and The Girl and the Guardsman (1899). In the years following the Picture Play, he went on to become a popular novelist, publishing several books into the 1930s, including adaptations of his three Picture Plays. He also continued to experiment with photography and film, creating several home made 16mm films featuring special effects and titles.- Fanny Rice was born on 7 February 1859 in Lowell, Massachusetts, USA. She was an actress, known for My Husband's Other Wife (1920), The Moonshine Trail (1919) and Dawn (1919). She was married to Warren H. Purdy and G.W. Purdy. She died on 10 July 1936 in The Bronx, New York, USA.
- Additional Crew
James P. Francis was born on 7 February 1859 in New York, USA. James P. died on 8 July 1933 in Massachusetts, USA.- Alexandre Millerand was born on 10 February 1859 in Paris, France. He died on 7 April 1943 in Versailles, France.
- Justus Hagman was born on 14 February 1859 in Solna, Stockholms län, Sweden. He was an actor, known for Nattliga toner (1918), Kärlekens ögon (1922) and Miraklet (1913). He died on 28 February 1936 in Stockholm, Stockholms län, Sweden.
- Egnate Ninoshvili was born on 17 February 1859 in Kela, Georgia, Russian Empire. Egnate was a writer, known for Qristine (1916), Djanki Guriashi (1928) and Dariko (1936). Egnate died on 12 May 1894 in Chirchveti, Georgia, Russian Empire.
- Sholom Aleichem (translated from Hebrew as a greeting "Peace be with you") was the pseudonym of Sholom Yakov Rabinovitz. He was born on February 18, 1859, in Pereyaslav near Kiev, Ukraine, in the Russian Empire. His father was a religious scholar and the family was trilingual. After his mother died of cholera, when he was only 12 years of age, his father encouraged his writing, even through the hard times. Young Sholom Aleichem attended a Russian secular high school, but never attended university. He was drafted into the Russian Army and upon being discharged became a rabineer for 3 years. Throughout his entire lifetime, he was not wealthy. He had a humble, modest disposition, a quiet voice, and was described by many as a man of great wisdom and wit. It was the humbling experience of his life in Russia under the Czars that led to his special style of "laughing through tears" humor.
Sholom Aleichem began serious writing in the 1880's. He was instrumental in the foundation of "di Yidishe folks bibliotek" (the popular Yiddish library) in 1888. At the same time during the 1880's Jews in Russia came under attack (known as "pogrom"); they suffered loss of property and of lives. In 1905 Sholom Aleichem fled from Russia. He lived in several countries of Europe until WWI. Large numbers of Jews were dislocated because their communities, known as "shetls, were destroyed. With the suffering came an increased cultural awakening of Jews, expressed in literature written in Yiddish. Yiddish was the every day language of European Jews, derived from Hogh German with enrichment from Hebrew, Russian, Polish, and English (among other languages). Sholom Aleichem wrote in Yiddish, Hebrew, and Russian; he was also fluent in Polish, Ukrainian and other languages.
From 1883 to 1916, Sholom Aleichem wrote about 40 volumes of stories, novels, and plays ; he became the leading writer in Yiddish, and one of the most prolific writers ever. He also wrote scholarly works in Hebrew and secular works in Russian, the only acceptable language of official publishers in the Russian Empire. His works about the life of Jews in traditional communities were based on real life stories and were published throughout Europe and in the United States. His best known work is "Tevye the Milkman" ("Tevye der milkhiker" in Yiddish). It describes the Russian Jewish milkman, who deals with the complex world with humor, pain, optimism, and wisdom. It was adapted for stage production as the play 'Fiddler on the Roof' which became a Broadway success. The eponymous film, starring 'Haim Topol', won three Oscars. A successful staging of the 'Fiddler on the Roof' was done at the Moscow Lenkom Theatre by director Mark Zakharov, starring Evgeniy Leonov and later Vladimir Steklov in the title role.
The dangers of WWI forced Sholom Aleichem to emigrate to America. He settled in the Bronx. The tragedy of separation from his son Misha, who suffered from tuberculosis, was unbearable. After Misha's death in 1915, Sholom Aleichem followed him on May 13, 1916 in Bronx. His funeral was attended by tens of thousands.
The great value of his works is in the meticulous literary preservation of the traditional life of a shtetl, before it disappeared in the tragic abyss of history. "You can take a Jew out of a shtetl, but you cannot take a shtetl out of a Jew", wrote Sholom Aleichem. - Charles J. Ross was born on 18 February 1859 in Montréal, Québec, Canada. He was an actor, known for Death of Nancy Sykes (1897), The Senator (1915) and The Great Diamond Robbery (1914). He was married to Mabel Fenton. He died on 15 June 1918 in North Asbury Park, New Jersey, USA.
- Edward Owings Towne was born on 19 February 1859 in Des Moines, Iowa, USA. Edward Owings was a writer, known for The Woman in Chains (1923). Edward Owings was married to Sarah Johnston Cooper. Edward Owings died on 6 March 1938 in Glenwood, Westchester County, New York, USA(undisclosed).
- George Lansbury was born on 21 February 1859 in Suffolk, England, UK. He died on 7 May 1940 in London, England, UK.
- Mrs. A.W. Filson was born on 23 February 1859 in Illinois, USA. She was an actress, known for The Squaw Man (1914), The Reformation of Dad (1913) and When Men Forget (1913). She was married to Al W. Filson. She died on 13 May 1953 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- John Burke was born on 25 February 1859 in Keokuk County, Iowa, USA. He was an actor, known for The Million Dollar Mystery (1914). He died on 14 May 1937 in the USA.
- Mason Mitchell was born on 26 February 1859 in Hamilton, New York, USA. He was a producer, known for English Lancers Charging (1900), Battle of Mafeking (1900) and Boer Comissary Train Treking (1900). He was married to Edna M. Ellis. He died on 16 June 1930 in New York, New York, USA.
- Art Department
Stanislaw Roman Lewandowski was born on 28 February 1859 in Kotliny, Poland, Russian Empire [now Kotliny, Lódzkie, Poland]. Stanislaw Roman is known for Kult ciala (1930). Stanislaw Roman died on 3 February 1940 in Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland.- Director
- Writer
Charles-Lucien Lépine was born on 3 March 1859 in Bordeaux, Gironde, France. Charles-Lucien was a director and writer, known for Mephisto's Son (1906), Unquenchable Thirst (1906) and Scales of Justice (1907). Charles-Lucien died on 15 January 1941 in Turin, Italy.- Max Büttner was born on 6 March 1859 in Potsdam, Germany. He was an actor, known for Eine moderne Jungfrau von Orleans (1900). He died on 30 May 1927 in Karlsruhe, Germany.
- R.D. MacLean was born on 7 March 1859 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. He was an actor, known for Bag and Baggage (1923), Don't Neglect Your Wife (1921) and The Best Man (1919). He was married to Odette Tyler. He died on 27 June 1948 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Kenneth Grahame was born on 8 March 1859 and was orphaned by the time he was five years old. He went to live with his grandmother in Cookham Dene, Berkshire. He attended St. Edward's School there, and at the age of 17 began working as a clerk for the Bank of England. He stayed on, was promoted several times, eventually holding the position of Permanent Secretary. He married Elspeth Thomson in 1899. Grahame wrote essays which were published in the 'National Observer,' and many well-received sketches of childhood - some about orphaned siblings - for various publications. He was nostalgic, appreciative of nature, and sensitive to the lives of children; some of the stories which comprise The Wind in the Willows were originally written as letters, others were invented as bedtime stories - all in order to amuse his young son, who died in an accident in 1920. Grahame died in 1932.
- Mathilda Caspér was born on 14 March 1859 in Gävle, Gävleborgs län, Sweden. She was an actress, known for Hemsöborna (1919), Thora van Deken (1920) and Anderssonskans Kalle (1922). She died in June 1934 in Stockholm, Sweden.
- Victor Lundberg was born on 20 March 1859 in Stockholm, Stockholms län, Sweden. He was an actor, known for Dan, tant och lilla fröken Söderlund (1924), Kärlek och kassabrist (1932) and Carl XII:s kurir (1924). He died on 7 April 1939.
- Roseanna McCoy was born on 21 March 1859 in Kentucky, USA. She died in 1889 in Ashford, West Virginia, USA.
- Producer
- Additional Crew
- Director
Henry W. Savage was born on 21 March 1859 in Durham, New Hampshire, USA. Henry W. was a producer and director, known for Excuse Me (1915), The Merry Widow (1925) and Robinson Crusoe (1916). Henry W. was married to Alice Louise Batcheler. Henry W. died on 29 November 1927 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA.- Harry Brett was born on 22 March 1859 in Kensington, London, England, UK. He was an actor, known for My Old Dutch (1915), A Fallen Star (1916) and The Bottle (1915). He died on 28 May 1918 in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, UK.
- Maud Milton was born on 24 March 1859 in Gravesend, Kent, England, UK. She was an actress, known for A Message from Mars (1921), Damaged Goods (1914) and The Criminal (1915). She died on 19 November 1945 in Ryde, Isle of Wight, England, UK.
- Jeanne Hading was born on 25 March 1859 in Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. She was an actress, known for La flambée (1916), André Cornélis (1915) and Gerval, le maître de forges (1912). She was married to Victor Koning. She died in 1934 in France.
- Writer
- Soundtrack
English poet and scholar. He was the eldest of seven children born to Edward Housman, a solicitor, and Sarah Jane Housman (née Williams). Housman was brought up and educated in Worcestershire, winning a scholarship to Bromsgrove School in 1870. In 1877 he won another scholarship, to St. John's College, Oxford, where he studied classics. In his first Public Examination in 1879, he gained first-class honours. However, he failed his second Public Examination in 1881, partly through neglecting the study of philosophy and history, towards which the course was geared, in favour of the poetry and textual criticism in which he was interested. Consequently he left Oxford without a degree. In 1882 he began working at the Patent Office as a clerk. During this period he began publishing articles on Latin and Greek poetry, and by 1892, when he applied for the post of Professor of Latin at University College London, he had twenty-five published articles to his name. While teaching at UCL he published an edition of Ovid 's `Ibis' (in 1894). This was followed by editions of works by Manilius (1903-30, in five volumes), Juvenal (1905) and Lucan (1926). In 1911 he was made Benjamin Hall Kennedy Professor of Latin at Cambridge, where he taught until a few days before his death. He refused all the honours and awards offered him, including six honorary degrees from British universities and (in 1929) the Order of Merit. He did however accept the fellowship of St. John's College, Oxford.
Housman's first volume of poetry, 'A Shropshire Lad', was published in 1896. Although sales were initially slow, by the time his second volume, 'Last Poems', was published in 1922 it had achieved the status of a modern classic and Housman had become something of a literary celebrity, a position with which he was less than entirely comfortable. His poems are frequently concise, often suggesting the rhythms of traditional ballads. Frequently they evoke the English countryside, specifically that of Housman's native West Midlands. His subject-matter is often melancholy: recurring themes include unrequited love and the death of young men (in war, by suicide, or by hanging). A supplementary volume, 'More Poems', was published in 1936 shortly after his death, edited by his brother Laurence. The following year Laurence published a biography including eighteen further poems. Among these were poems too explicit or personal to be published during his lifetime, e.g. 'Oh who is that young sinner with the handcuffs on his wrists' (about the imprisonment of Oscar Wilde). At Oxford Housman had fallen in love with a fellow undergraduate, Moses Jackson. Jackson did not reciprocate his affection and may not even have been aware of it. He was already working at the Patent Office when Housman applied for a job there, and from 1882 to 1887 Housman lived with Jackson and his brother in lodgings in Bayswater. However, in 1887 Moses left the country for India, returning briefly two years later to marry. Thereafter his contact with Housman was minimal. 'A Shropshire Lad' was dedicated to him, as was the first volume of Housman's edition of Manilius. Housman's avowed atheism is expressed in such poems as 'Epitaph on an Army of Mercenaries' and 'Easter Hymn'. However, he also described the Church of England as 'the best religion I have ever come across', and much of his poetry echoes the language of the Book of Common Prayer and the King James Bible. Perhaps his most religious work (superficially at least) is 'For My Funeral'. This was sung as a hymn at his funeral, and recited on 17 September 1996, when a memorial was dedicated to Housman in Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey.- Emil Fenyvessy was born on 31 March 1859 in Ternye, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire [now Terna, Slovak Republic]. He was an actor and writer, known for Tragödie im Hause Habsburg (1924), Anna Karenina (1918) and A csikós (1913). He died on 20 March 1924 in Budapest, Hungary.
- Johan Jensen was born on 3 April 1859 in Horsens, Denmark. He was an actor, known for Gud raader (1912), Karen fra Gruben (1913) and Elskovsbarnet (1916). He died on 8 May 1925.
- Soundtrack
Composer ("Oh, Promise Me") and author, educated at St. John's College in Oxford, England. He also studied with Lebert, Pruckner, Vannucini, von Suppe, Genee, and Delibes. He earned an honorary Mus. D. at Racine College. He first worked in a brokerage firm, and also owned a dry-cleaning business in 1882, becoming a music critic for the Chicago Evening Post in 1889 and Harper's Weekly from 1895-1897, and the New York World between 1898 and 1900 and again between 1907 and 1912. He organized and conducted the Washington, D.C. Symphony Orchestra between 1902 and 1904, and was a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and also ASCAP since 1929. He wrote the Broadway stage scores for "The Begum", "Robin Hood", "The Knickerbockers", "The Algerian", "The Fencing Master", "Rob Roy", "The Highwayman", "Papa's Wife", "The Little Duchess", "Maid Marian", "Red Feather", "Happyland", and "The Beauty Spot". His chief musical collaborator was Harry B. Smith, and his other popular-song compositions include "Brown October Ale", "Sweetheart, My Own Sweetheart", "The Spinning Song", "Little Boy Blue", "My Home Is Where the Heather Blooms", "Come, Lads of the Highlands", "Dearest Heart of My Heart", "Do You Remember Love?", "Moonlight Song", Gypsy Song", and "Hammock Love".- After finishing school, he studied natural sciences, mathematics and philosophy at the universities of Leipzig, Berlin and Vienna. He was a student of Carl Stumpf and Franz Brentano, among others. Husserl wrote his doctoral thesis on the calculus of variations. He then became a lecturer in philosophy at the University of Halle. During this time he turned to the psychological foundations of mathematics. In "Philosophy of Arithmetic" (1891) he argued that the validity of mathematical truths is independent of the way in which people arrived at them. In the "Logical Investigations" (1900/01) Husserl rejected his philosophy of arithmetic as psychologism. Now he held that the task of the philosopher was to consider the nature of things. Husserl shows that consciousness is always directed towards something.
He calls this directedness intentionality and claims that consciousness contains ideal, unchanging structures and meanings that determine what the mind is directed toward at any given time. During his tenure at the University of Göttingen between 1901 and 1916, Husserl's philosophy attracted numerous students; a separate phenomenological school emerged. His probably most influential work, Ideas for a pure phenomenology and phenomenological philosophy, appeared in 1913 as the opening article in the first volume of the "Yearbook for Philosophy and Phenomenological Research" that he edited. In it he introduced the concept of phenomenological reduction for his method of reflecting on the meanings that the mind attaches to a thing when it looks at it. This method refers to meanings that are present in the mind regardless of whether the thing present to consciousness actually exists. The question of the real existence of the thing under consideration is of no interest here.
This was followed by detailed analyzes of the mental structures involved in the perception of particular types of objects. For example, Husserl gave a detailed description of his perception of the apple tree in his garden. This is how phenomenology proceeds descriptively, even if it does not assume the existence of things. According to Husserl, it is not the development of theories that is the concern of phenomenology, but rather the description of things themselves. "To the things themselves!" was his call to the philosophy of his time. In his late writings, such as the 1936 work "The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology" (complete edition by W. Biemel 1954), Husserl's theme is the "lifeworld" in its predetermined self-evidence.
Here, Husserl describes the connection of science to world life as the therapeutic task of phenomenology.
One of Husserl's students was Martin Heidegger, who, following his teacher, advocated an existential phenomenology and whose existential philosophy itself marked a similar new beginning in philosophy as his teacher's phenomenology. Husserl's and Heidegger's philosophies had an equal impact on Jean-Paul Sartre and French existentialism.