Just like in the first film, Brie Larson had to use a stunt double in scenes where Carol is in the same room with Goose, due to her being severely allergic to cats in real life.
The comic book version of Monica Rambeau was code named Captain Marvel, Photon, Pulsar, and Spectrum, among others, in various iterations. Photon, Pulsar, and Spectrum are all among the code names Kamala suggests for Monica in this movie.
Monica initially calls Dar-Benn's Accuser weapon a "hammer", before Carol corrects her by saying it's "the Universal Weapon". Kamala says she expected something cooler like "the Cosmi-Rod." In the comics, the terms are both used for the Accusers weapons.
The singing planet that dominates the middle of the movie is Aladna. In the comics, Aladna is a planet where everyone speaks in rhyme. The comics version of Carol Danvers also becomes betrothed to Prince Yan, and she does so in order to release Lila Cheney--a mutant with intergalactic travel powers--from her obligation. In the movie, Carol seems reluctant to talk about the why and how of her marriage, aside from saying that it was for legal and political convenience.
At 1 hour and 45 minutes, this is the shortest MCU film, surpassing The Incredible Hulk (2008) and Thor: The Dark World (2013), at 1 hour and 52 minutes each.