James Steuart Barry (c.1789-1865) was born Margaret Ann Bulkley in Cork, Ireland, but lived as a man. He became an MD in 1812, joined the Army in 1813, and was posted to Cape Town, South Africa in 1816. For the next 10 years, he improved sanitation and water systems; improved conditions for enslaved people, prisoners, and the mentally ill; and provided a sanctuary for the leper population. He retired from the Army in 1859, and died of dysentery in London in 1865. Barry's birth sex became known only after his death; in a letter, his physician stated his "impression was that Dr Barry was a Hermaphrodite."