The title "Aletheia" is a Greek word which, among other things, means "truth"
In the flashback scene to his childhood, Finch is shown hacking into ARPANET, the once classified computer network that eventually evolved into the Internet.
When teenage Harold Finch used a whistle to scam the long distance charges it was known as Phreaking. It was discovered that the free whistles given out in Cap'n Crunch cereal boxes produced a 2600 Hz tone that when blown into the phone would reset the line and stop the timer. You could then use short bursts in pattern to dial the phone.
Rüdiger Smoot is the name Claypool used for the fake identity he created. The name is a combination of two semi-famous mathematicians. Rüdiger Gamm was known as the German "human calculator," and Oliver R. Smoot, an MIT student, had a unit of measurement named after him.
Aletheia is a Greek Goddess, the personification of truth.