The movie quote that Claire refers to is from The Wizard of Oz (1939), in the scene in which Dorothy bids farewell to the Scarecrow and his companions. The film was released in Britain two months after the start of World War Two. During those years of conflict it provided much needed emotional relief.
The snake that the King brings forward is a Gaboon Viper, considered one of the most dangerous and deadly snakes. Its fangs grow up to two inches. Its poison is second only to the King Cobra. Since it does not release after striking, a large amount of venom is injected.
While it's a known fact of history that King Louis XV was fascinated by witchcraft and dabbled in the occult, there's no historical record of him having a Star Chamber. The Star Chamber was an English court that sat at the royal Palace of Westminster from the late 15th century to the mid-17th century (c. 1641). It met in secret and often dealt with situations that were not specifically against the law but were morally reprehensible.
The title is named for Claire's and Jamie's daughter, Faith.